Coal Fired Power in Oregon: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Facebook.jpg|600px|center|Facebook's data center in Prineville]]
[[File:Facebook.jpg|600px|center|Facebook's data center in Prineville]]


Like fellow cloud data giants Google, Amazon, and Microsoft, [http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/04/facebook-data-center-2/ Facebook is designing and building its own data centers]. The company’s first custom-built facility [http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2011/12/facebook-data-center/all/1 went live in Prineville, Oregon  at the beginning of 2011].
 
 
Like other data centers from Google, Amazon and Microsoft which are located along the Columbia for cheap electricity, [http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/04/facebook-data-center-2/ Facebook is designing its own data centers]. The company’s facility [http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2011/12/facebook-data-center/all/1 went live in Prineville, Oregon  at the beginning of 2011], wringing every watt from its coal-powered electric utility.
 
[[File:Boardman.coalfield.jpg|250px|right|Boardman coal field]] [http://gigaom.com/cleantech/apple-reveals-big-solar-fuel-cell-plans-for-data-center/ Apple's data center in Maiden, North Carolina] is powered by coal, but Apple is building [http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_20113644/exclusive-san-joses-sunpower-provide-solar-panels-apples a 20 MW solar array] plus a 5 MW fuel cell farm that it plans to run entirely on biogas (eventually).
 
[http://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/index.ssf/2012/04/apple_promises_dozens_of_prine.html#incart_mce Apple bought 160 acres in Prineville near the Facebook data center] and is now constructing a 10,000 square-foot, server farm.  
   
   
[[File:Boardman.coalfield.jpg|250px|right|Boardman coal field]] [[File:Worlduseofcoal.png|left|250px|World Coal Supplies]]The company avoided tiered energy rates, due to a formula used by the [http://www.bpa.gov/corporate Bonneville Power Administration], the federal agency that operates dams on the Columbia River and sells the power at cost to utilities. Pacific Power will get most of its electricity from the nearby [[wikipedia:Boardman_Coal_Plant|Boardman coal-fired plant]].
[[File:Worlduseofcoal.png|left|250px|World Coal Supplies]]Apple's 31-megawatt data center in Prineville will use enough energy to power five cities of Prineville's size, [http://www.oregonlive.com/silicon-forest/index.ssf/2012/04/apple_promises_dozens_of_prine.html according to The Oregonian]. The Oregon facility will open using only renewable energy, [http://www.dailywireless.org/2012/05/18/green-apple-facebook-data-centers/ according to Chief Financial Officer Peter Oppenheimer].  


No active commercial coal mines remain in Oregon, and the state plans to phase out the coal-fired plant in Boardman by 2020. Still, [http://coalfreegorge.wordpress.com/ almost 40 percent of the state’s electricity comes from coal-burning power plants].
Facebook avoided tiered energy rates, due to a formula used by the [http://www.bpa.gov/corporate Bonneville Power Administration], the federal agency that operates dams on the Columbia River and sells the power at cost to utilities.
 
Pacific Power supplies Prineville electricity from the nearby [[wikipedia:Boardman_Coal_Plant|Boardman coal-fired plant]].
 
No active commercial coal mines remain in Oregon, and the state plans to phase out Oregon's last coal-fired plant in Boardman by 2020. Still, [http://coalfreegorge.wordpress.com/ almost 40 percent of the state’s electricity still comes from coal-burning power plants], mostly from Pacific Power's coal-fired plants.


== The Global Coal Market ==
== The Global Coal Market ==
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[[File:World-Electricity.jpg|center|600px|World Electricity Use]]
[[File:World-Electricity.jpg|center|600px|World Electricity Use]]
[http://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/powder-river-basin-natural-history?page=4 Arch Coal’s Black Thunder] is the biggest mine in the Powder River Basin.


 
[[File:Blackthundermine.jpg|center|600px|Arch Coal’s Black Thunder Mine]]


== Coal Export Proposals for the Columbia River ==
== Coal Export Proposals for the Columbia River ==


Exporting coal to Asia from Oregon is on the front burner<ref>[http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics Coal Export Facilities]</ref> since other West Coast facilities are at capacity and the Columbia River region is a straight shot from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Basin the Powder River Basin] where the coal is, in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming. China has lots of coal - but it's up north, far from most of the industry in southern China.  
Exporting coal to Asia from Oregon is on the front burner<ref>[http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics Coal Export Facilities]</ref> since other West Coast facilities are at capacity and the Columbia River region is a straight shot from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Basin the Powder River Basin] where the coal is, in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming. China has lots of coal - but it's up north, far from most of the industry in southern China. Half a dozen major coal export terminals have now been proposed for the Northwest. [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/19/us/boardman-ore-considers-a-future-in-coal.html If all of the projects were built, as much as 150 million tons of coal per year could be exported from the Northwest], nearly 50 percent more than the nation’s entire coal export output last year, reports the NY Times.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+ '''<big>Proposed NW Coal Export Facilities </big>'''
|-
! Name !! Location !! Tonage !! Backer
|-
| [http://gatewaypacificterminal.com/ Cherry Point Gateway Pacific] || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington Bellingham WA] || 48 || [http://www.ssamarine.com/ SSA Marine]
|-
| [http://www.portofgraysharbor.com/news/index.php Port of Gray's Harbor] || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen,_Washington Aberdeen WA] || 5 || [http://www.railamerica.com/RailServices/PSAP.aspx Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad] - Rocky Mountain coal
|-
| [http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium Bulk]||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Washington Longview OR] || 44 || [http://ambreenergy.com/ Amber Energy]
|-
| [http://portwestwardproject.com/ Port Westward Project]|| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clatskanie,_Oregon Clatskanie OR] || 15 || [http://www.kindermorgan.com/about_us/about_us_corp_profile.cfm Kinder Morgan]
|-
| [http://morrowpacific.com/q-a Morrow Pacific] || [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clatskanie,_Oregon Clatskanie OR] || 8 || [http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county Amber Energy]
|-
| [http://earthfix.opb.org/energy/article/international-investors-plan-for-coal-terminal-in-/ Port of Coos Bay]||[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coos_Bay,_Oregon Coos Bay OR] || ? || [http://www.mitsui.com/ Mitsu]
|-
|}


The United States uses about 1 billion tons of coal a year, with about 40 percent of the coal currently coming from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Basin the Powder River Basin]. It is the single largest source of coal mined in the United States, more than twice the production of second-place West Virginia, and more than the entire Appalachian region.
The United States uses about 1 billion tons of coal a year, with about 40 percent of the coal currently coming from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Basin the Powder River Basin]. It is the single largest source of coal mined in the United States, more than twice the production of second-place West Virginia, and more than the entire Appalachian region.
The market for coal is receding in the United States. New pollution restrictions on coal-fired power plants were enacted by Congress in 2012, increasing the cost of operation. At the same time, huge reserves of much cleaner Natural Gas are now available, relatively inexpensively, enabled by the fracking process.
Natural gas is now often cheaper than coal in the United States. Power plants are now moving from coal to natural gas on a large scale. Coal producers aren't selling as much product.
Coal producers hope China will take up the slack and want to build export facilities in Washington and Oregon.


[[File:Coaltrainroute.jpg|center|700px|Planned Coal Export Facilities]]
[[File:Coaltrainroute.jpg|center|700px|Planned Coal Export Facilities]]
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The opposition group, [http://www.gorgefriends.org/ Friends of Columbia Gorge] has a [http://www.coaltrainfacts.org/docs/CoalTrainsGorge.Bingen.WA_.v2.1.pdf Presentation] that shows an overview of the coal fields in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Basin Powder River Basin], in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming, and the expected coal train route through the Northwest.
The opposition group, [http://www.gorgefriends.org/ Friends of Columbia Gorge] has a [http://www.coaltrainfacts.org/docs/CoalTrainsGorge.Bingen.WA_.v2.1.pdf Presentation] that shows an overview of the coal fields in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Basin Powder River Basin], in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming, and the expected coal train route through the Northwest.


It's believed to be cheaper to ship coal from Montana and Wyoming to the West Coast, then across the Pacific Ocean. [http://tdn.com/news/local/rising-chinese-demand-could-mean-coal-export-boom-for-west/article_3d2d744c-7874-11e1-a248-0019bb2963f4.html Last year, China imported 182 million metric tons of coal], surpassing Japan as the world's largest coal importer. That amount is more than the capacity of four existing coal terminals in Alaska and British Columbia and five proposed Pacific Northwest terminals combined — including one proposal in Longview and two near Clatskanie <ref>[http://search.oregonlive.com/coal+export Oregonian]</ref>. Still the coal export facility in Cherry Point, WA, and a coal export facility in Grey's Harbor would add an additional 10 trainloads daily to the 10 trainloads of coal bound for Longview, WA (not to mention Point Westward, Oregon). Presumably that totals more than 20 trainloads daily. With a typical 15-20 minute wait for each 1.2 mile train, coal trains would have a significant impact on vehicular traffic in the region.
[[File:Chinaexportterminals.jpg|center|500px|Planned Coal Export Facilities]]
 
[http://tdn.com/news/local/rising-chinese-demand-could-mean-coal-export-boom-for-west/article_3d2d744c-7874-11e1-a248-0019bb2963f4.html Last year, China imported 182 million metric tons of coal], surpassing Japan as the world's largest coal importer. That amount is more than the capacity of four existing coal terminals in Alaska and British Columbia and five proposed Pacific Northwest terminals combined — including one proposal in Longview and two near Clatskanie <ref>[http://search.oregonlive.com/coal+export Oregonian]</ref>. Still the coal export facility in Cherry Point, WA, and a coal export facility in Grey's Harbor would add an additional 10 trainloads daily to the 10 trainloads of coal bound for Longview, WA (not to mention Point Westward, Oregon). Presumably that totals more than 20 trainloads daily. With a 15 minute wait for each 1.2 mile train, coal trains would have a significant impact on vehicular traffic in the region.
 
[[File:Fiveterminals.jpg|center|500px|Five Coal Export Terminals]]
 
A figure of one coal train a day to deliver 5 million tons a year has been used by some, but that figure requires substantiation. [http://www.carrix.com/carrixCo.html#ssaMarine According to Carrix/SSA], the total number of coal train trips per day (arriving full, leaving empty) to transport 48 million tons of coal per year [http://coalfreegorge.wordpress.com/chief-concerns would be in the range of 16 to 18], reports CoalFreeGorge. If you divide 48 tons by 16 train trips, that seems to indicate 3 tons per year per train trip (coming and going).


A figure of one coal train a day to deliver 5 million tons a year has been used by some, but that figure requires substantiation. [http://www.carrix.com/carrixCo.html#ssaMarine According to Carrix/SSA], the total number of coal train trips per day (arriving full, leaving empty) to transport 48 million tons of coal per year [http://coalfreegorge.wordpress.com/chief-concerns would be in the range of 16 to 18], reports CoalFreeGorge. If you divide 48 tons by 16 train trips, that seems to indicate 3 tons per year per train trip (coming and going).
[[File:Coalemissions.jpg|center|600px|China’s Rising Coal Imports]]


[[File:Chinaexportterminals.jpg|center|500px|Planned Coal Export Facilities]]
Exporting 150 million tons of coal produces about as much carbon dioxide as 60 million cars, notes the Washington Post. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/can-the-united-states-influence-chinas-coal-habits/2012/05/01/gIQAgqUpuT_blog.html Would blocking these export terminals have any impact on the growth of coal in China]? There’s [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/china_coal.pdf some evidence that it could]. Still, global warming politics may not be as heated as the increasingly bitter battle between jobs vs the environment.


== Coal Export Proposal for Longview ==
== Coal Export Proposal for Longview ==


[http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium Bulk Terminals] is planning [http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics a major China coal export facility in Longview, Washington]<ref>[http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium Bulk]</ref>.  
[http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2010/11/australian_coal_company_wants.html Millennium Bulk Terminals, a subsidiary of Australia's Ambre Energy] <ref>[http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county Amber Energy]</ref>, plans to build the first major U.S. coal export terminal on the West Coast in Longview <ref>[http://www.portoflongview.com/ Port of Longview]</ref>. [http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium] would [http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics build their coal export facility in Longview, Washington]<ref>[http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium Bulk]</ref>, and has [http://tdn.com/news/local/millennium-bulk-terminals-files-paperwork-with-county-for-million-coal/article_c90b544c-5dbd-11e1-9fae-0019bb2963f4.html now greatly expanded their plans]<ref>[http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics Longview Daily News: Coal Export Facilities]</ref>.
 
Instead of shipping 5.7 million tons of coal a year, as originally proposed, [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2017581493_apwalongviewcoalterminal1stldwritethru.html it now plans for a $600 million terminal to ship 44 million tons a year], from Longview<ref>[http://www.portoflongview.com/ Port of Longview]</ref>. It would be the largest such coal terminal in North America, [http://tdn.com/news/local/millennium-bulk-terminals-files-paperwork-with-county-for-million-coal/article_c90b544c-5dbd-11e1-9fae-0019bb2963f4.html The Daily News of Longview reported] on February 23, 2012. The proposed [http://gatewaypacificterminal.com Gateway Pacific Terminal], in Cherry Point, Washington, [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Bellingham-WA-Cherry-Point-Coal-Export-Proposal/255325227821613 would have a similar capacity] - around 48 million tons of coal a year.
 
[[File:Millinium.jpg|center|600px|Millennium Bulk Terminals near Longview Washington]]
 
[http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium Bulk Terminals], is [http://tdn.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/millennium-buys-more-riverfront-land-port-says-move-may-hinder/article_916548ae-5a02-11e1-9289-001871e3ce6c.html planning to develop a 406-acre Reynolds facility in Longview, Washington] into a coal terminal, reports TDN<ref>[http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics Longview Daily News: Coal Export Facilities]</ref>. Millennium's CEO, said he thinks projected Asian demand for coal could support "multiple" terminals on the Columbia River.
 


The proposed export facility <ref>[http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics Longview Daily News Coal Export Facilities]</ref> [http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/12/washington-intervenes-on-longview-coal.html would ship from 5 to 60 million tons of coal to Asia annually]. Five million tones is an amount said to be roughly equal to the amount of coal burned in the whole state of Washington, reports [http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com SustainableBusinessOregon] <ref>[http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2012/03/nw-coal-debate-centers-on-jobs-the.html Sustainable Business Oregon]</ref>.  
The proposed export facility <ref>[http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics Longview Daily News Coal Export Facilities]</ref> [http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/12/washington-intervenes-on-longview-coal.html would ship from 5 to 60 million tons of coal to Asia annually]. Five million tones is an amount said to be roughly equal to the amount of coal burned in the whole state of Washington, reports [http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com SustainableBusinessOregon] <ref>[http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2012/03/nw-coal-debate-centers-on-jobs-the.html Sustainable Business Oregon]</ref>.  
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[http://lcsco.org/ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community] <ref>[http://lcsco.org/ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community]</ref> formed last year to protest [http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics the proposed $600 million coal terminal] from [http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium Bulk Terminals] at the former Reynolds Metals Co. site west of Longview <ref>[http://www.ci.longview.wa.us/ City of Longview]</ref>.
[http://lcsco.org/ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community] <ref>[http://lcsco.org/ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community]</ref> formed last year to protest [http://tdn.com/special-section/coal_export_terminal/?oCampaign=hottopics the proposed $600 million coal terminal] from [http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium Bulk Terminals] at the former Reynolds Metals Co. site west of Longview <ref>[http://www.ci.longview.wa.us/ City of Longview]</ref>.


[http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2010/11/australian_coal_company_wants.html Millennium, a subsidiary of Australia's Ambre Energy] <ref>[http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county Amber Energy]</ref>, plans to build the first major U.S. export terminal on the West Coast in Longview <ref>[http://www.portoflongview.com/ Port of Longview]</ref>.
== Two Coal Export Proposals for Clatskanie, Oregon's Port Westward  ==
 
[[File:Fiveterminals.jpg|center|500px|Five Coal Export Terminals]]


== Two Coal Export Proposals for Clatskanie, Oregon's Port Westward ==
[http://tdn.com/news/local/coal-in-clatskanie-commissioners-approve-port-westward-export-proposals/article_2e6ac7bc-47f4-11e1-a2da-001871e3ce6c.html In January, Port of St. Helens commissioners approved lease options for two coal terminals] for Port Westward. The five-member [http://www.portsh.org/facility.php?facilityID=6 The Port of St. Helens]<ref>[http://www.portsh.org/ Port of St Helens]</ref> commission unanimously approved a lease option from Pacific Transloading, a subsidiary of [http://morrowpacific.com/fact-sheet/4 Amber Energy], to operate their barge dock. They also voted 4-1 to approve a lease option from Houston-based energy giant  [http://portwestwardproject.com/ Kinder Morgan] to build a rail-fed coal terminal for Port Westward.


[http://tdn.com/news/local/group-wants-to-export-coal-near-clatskanie-port-says-jobs/article_23cb895e-41a0-11e1-b312-0019bb2963f4.html Two giant energy companies have submitted separate proposals to develop coal export facilities at Port Westward] <ref>[http://portwestwardproject.com/ Kinder Morgan: Port Westward]</ref>. It would be located on the Columbia, north of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clatskanie,_Oregon Clatskanie, Oregon] <ref>[http://www.cityofclatskanie.com/ City of Clatskanie]</ref>, potentially making the Columbia River a major thoroughfare for transporting coal to Asia. If approved, the two projects would add more than 100 jobs.  
[http://tdn.com/news/local/group-wants-to-export-coal-near-clatskanie-port-says-jobs/article_23cb895e-41a0-11e1-b312-0019bb2963f4.html Two giant energy companies have submitted separate proposals to develop coal export facilities at Port Westward] <ref>[http://portwestwardproject.com/ Kinder Morgan: Port Westward]</ref>. It would be located on the Columbia, north of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clatskanie,_Oregon Clatskanie, Oregon] <ref>[http://www.cityofclatskanie.com/ City of Clatskanie]</ref>, potentially making the Columbia River a major thoroughfare for transporting coal to Asia. If approved, the two projects would add more than 100 jobs.  
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[[File:Kindermorgan.jpg|center|500px|Kinder Morgan]]
[[File:Kindermorgan.jpg|center|500px|Kinder Morgan]]
[http://portwestwardproject.com/ Kinder Morgan's $150 to $200 million facility at Portwestward] would use coal trains ([http://portwestwardproject.com/PortWestwardFactSheet.pdf company fact sheet]). It would export about 15 million tons of coal annually.
[http://portwestwardproject.com/ Kinder Morgan's $150 to $200 million facility at Portwestward] would use coal trains ([http://portwestwardproject.com/PortWestwardFactSheet.pdf company fact sheet]). It would export about 15 million tons of coal annually.
[[File:Pgeplants.jpg|right|PGE Power Plants]][http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/01/port_of_st_helens_approves_coa.html Scott Learn, of the Oregonian reports]<ref>[http://search.oregonlive.com/coal+export Oregonian: Coal Export]</ref> that the agreements with [http://www.kindermorgan.com/business/terminals/default.cfm Kinder Morgan] and [http://ambreenergy.com.au/ Ambre Energy] would provide construction work and up to 105 full-time jobs.
'''UPDATE: [http://www.pgecorp.com/news/press_releases/ Portland General Electric] has apparently [http://www.spotlightnews.net/news/story.php?story_id=133599621733185700 blocked Kinder Morgan’s plans for a coal export terminal].
PGE renewed a 99-year lease in 2008 on 852 acres of developable land at the Port of St. Helens-owned land near Clatskanie.
In turn, PGE can sublease the property. But PGE – which itself [http://www.portlandgeneral.com/our_company/energy_strategy/power_generation/generating_plants.aspx runs two power-generation facilities on that property] – decided in mid-April that Kinder Morgan's facility could have detrimental effects on its own operations.
PGE spokesman Steve Corson told the Spotlight May 2 his company felt the presumed coal dust that would come from the export terminal might harm its significant investments if Kinder Morgan moved in next door.'''


== Ambre Energy/Pacific Transloading Coal Export from Port Westward  ==
== Ambre Energy/Pacific Transloading Coal Export from Port Westward  ==


[[File:Coalloader.jpg|right|350px|Loading Coal from Port Westward]]
 
[http://thechronicleonline.com/news/article_017487bc-6305-11e1-a565-0019bb2963f4.html A second coal export facility, Pacific Transloading, has also been proposed for the same Port Westard location. It differs from the Kinder Morgan proposal in that it plans to barge coal] to Port Westward. It would move coal on barges down the river from Port Morrow<ref>[http://www.portofmorrow.com/ Port of Morrow]</ref> in Central Oregon to ships docked at the Port Westward export facility.  Pacific Transloading says it would only export about 8 million tons of coal annually.
[http://thechronicleonline.com/news/article_017487bc-6305-11e1-a565-0019bb2963f4.html A second coal export facility, Pacific Transloading, has also been proposed for the same Port Westard location. It differs from the Kinder Morgan proposal in that it plans to barge coal] to Port Westward. It would move coal on barges down the river from Port Morrow<ref>[http://www.portofmorrow.com/ Port of Morrow]</ref> in Central Oregon to ships docked at the Port Westward export facility.  Pacific Transloading says it would only export about 8 million tons of coal annually.


Pacific Transloading is a subsidiary of Australian coal giant [http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county Ambre Energy]<ref>[http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county Amber Energy]</ref>.  
[[File:Columbiacoal.jpg|center|500px|Longview Coal Plan]]
 
[[File:Coalloader.jpg|right|350px|Loading Coal from Port Westward]]Pacific Transloading is a subsidiary of Australian coal giant [http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county Ambre Energy]<ref>[http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county Amber Energy]</ref>.
 
Amber Energy says [http://morrowpacific.com/q-a The Morrow Pacific Project] will create 25 new jobs in Morrow County and 25 new jobs in Columbia County where the coal is transferred to oceangoing barges. These will be well-paying jobs, says Amber Energy, with average salaries in the range of $50,000 to $90,000.
 
[http://morrowpacific.com/ The Morrow Pacific project], being [http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county developed by Ambre Energy], would have an operational capacity of two barge-tows per day and would ship between 3.5 to 8 million metric tons with port approval.  Coal would arrive on covered barges loaded upstream at the Port of Morrow<ref>[http://www.portofmorrow.com/ Port of Morrow]</ref>, then directly loaded onto about 50 ocean-going ships a year.
 
Another Ambre subsidiary company, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Millennium_Bulk_Logistics_Longview_Terminal Millennium Bulk Logistics] of Longview<ref>[http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium Bulk: Longview]</ref>, is also the one hoping to build the Longview coal export, about 12 miles up the river, which would import coal by train (on the Washington side).
 


Another Ambre subsidiary company, [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Millennium_Bulk_Logistics_Longview_Terminal Millennium Bulk Logistics] of Longview<ref>[http://millenniumbulk.com/ Millennium Bulk: Longview]</ref>, is also the one hoping to build the Longview coal export, about 12 miles up the river, which would import coal by train (on the Washington side).  
But Pacific Transloading's parent company, Amber Energy, can't be trusted, say critics. They mislead Longview officials on the size of their Longview proposal, initially saying the export facility would only export 5.7 million tons.  On September 2, 2010, [http://www.scribd.com/doc/45225750/Long-View-Petition-121310  Millennium filed an application with Cowlitz County to build and operate a 5.7 million ton per year facility] in Longview. But the company [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/brisbane-mining-company-pulls-plans-to-build-us-river-port/story-fn59niix-1226124011509 deliberately misled officials] about the size of the project. In fact, Amber Energy was planning a facility ten times that size all along - 45 million tons to 60 million tons - or more.
 
Boardman burns 3 to 5 million tons of coal per year, according to Laura Stevens of the Sierra Club’s [http://beyondcoal.org/ Beyond Coal campaign]. Anything less than 10-15 million tons a year is a drop in the bucket to what China will need.


== Coal Export from Coos Bay  ==
== Coal Export from Coos Bay  ==
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== Opposition to Coal Exporting along the Columbia River  ==
== Opposition to Coal Exporting along the Columbia River  ==
[[File:Coalcolumbia.jpg|right|Portland Tribune]]
If all six coal export terminals are approved and fully developed, they would feed enough carbon dioxide-spewing coal plants in Asia to equal 65 Boardmans. "Then we're all toast," [http://portlandtribune.com/sustainable/story.php?story_id=133721219844877400 says KC Golden, policy director for Climate Solutions in Seattle]. "It becomes mathematically impossible to stabilize the climate at safe levels," he says.


[http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/states/or.html The EPA] said that the [http://www.registerguard.com/web/business/27931605-41/coal-environmental-epa-corps-impacts.html.csp Port of Morrow project has “the potential to significantly impact human health and the environment]," and [http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2012/04/debate-continues-over-coal-at.html called for a full review of the potential impacts] of exporting large amounts of coal from Wyoming and Montana to Asia.
[http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/states/or.html The EPA] said that the [http://www.registerguard.com/web/business/27931605-41/coal-environmental-epa-corps-impacts.html.csp Port of Morrow project has “the potential to significantly impact human health and the environment]," and [http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2012/04/debate-continues-over-coal-at.html called for a full review of the potential impacts] of exporting large amounts of coal from Wyoming and Montana to Asia.
[http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/coal/the-facts-about-kinder-morgan A Sightline Institute investigation] found that “[http://www.eugeneweekly.com/article/coal-train 500 pounds to a ton of coal can escape from a single loaded car],” using calculations by the BNSF railroad.
[http://governor.oregon.gov/Gov/media_room/press_releases/p2012/press_042512.shtml Oregon's governor called on federal agencies to thoroughly evaluate the environmental impacts] of coal-export projects, saying [http://tdn.com/news/state-and-regional/oregon/kitzhaber-wants-study-of-coal-export-impacts-on-region/article_d71b862c-8f24-11e1-b0f9-0019bb2963f4.html the United States risks locking Asian countries into dependency on fossil fuels] if it expands access to vast American coal reserves.
[[File:Wa-coal-action-alert.jpg|center|600px|World Electricity Use]]


[http://www.coaltrainfacts.org/whatcom-docs-position-statement-and-appendices The Whatcom Docs] – a large group of doctors in Whatcom County say [http://earthfix.opb.org/communities/article/increased-coal-train-traffic-could-mean-bad-news-f/ increased Coal Train Traffic Could Mean Bad News For Public Health], with the effects of air pollution real and measurable.  
[http://www.coaltrainfacts.org/whatcom-docs-position-statement-and-appendices The Whatcom Docs] – a large group of doctors in Whatcom County say [http://earthfix.opb.org/communities/article/increased-coal-train-traffic-could-mean-bad-news-f/ increased Coal Train Traffic Could Mean Bad News For Public Health], with the effects of air pollution real and measurable.  
[[File:PrincerupertCoalcloud.jpg|center|600px|Port Edward coal cloud]]
[http://www.thenorthernview.com/news/124013379.html The coal cloud from BC's Port Edward] illustrates the concerns about the coal dust from an export terminal.


Besides questions over the environmental impact, critics point out the terminal would snarl vehicle traffic at railroad crossings through Longview's industrial corridor.  
Besides questions over the environmental impact, critics point out the terminal would snarl vehicle traffic at railroad crossings through Longview's industrial corridor.  


Agreements with the [http://www.portsh.org/ Port of St. Helens] were hammered out in secret, said Laura Stevens, organizer with [http://beyondcoal.org/ the Sierra Club's Beyond Coal Campaign]<ref>[http://beyondcoal.org/ Sierra Club's Beyond Coal Campaign]</ref>. Opponents expected the commission to hear proposals from the two companies, [http://www.portsh.org/meetings.php considered publicly for the first time Jan 25, 2012], but not to vote on agreements. Instead the commissioners held a closed executive session, then endorsed the agreements that may lead to exporting coal through the port's Port Westward industrial park in Clatskanie<ref>[http://www.cityofclatskanie.com/ City of Clatskanie]</ref>.  
Agreements with the [http://www.portsh.org/ Port of St. Helens] were hammered out in secret, said Laura Stevens, organizer with [http://beyondcoal.org/ the Sierra Club's Beyond Coal Campaign]<ref>[http://beyondcoal.org/ Sierra Club's Beyond Coal Campaign]</ref>. Opponents expected the commission to hear proposals from the two companies, [http://www.portsh.org/meetings.php considered publicly for the first time Jan 25, 2012], but not to vote on agreements. Instead the commissioners held a closed executive session, then endorsed the agreements that may lead to exporting coal through the port's Port Westward industrial park in Clatskanie<ref>[http://www.cityofclatskanie.com/ City of Clatskanie]</ref>.


[[File:Columbiacoal.jpg|center|500px|Longview Coal Plan]]
[[File:Coal-rally.jpg|center|600px|Portland Rally Against Coal Export Terminals]]
[http://morrowpacific.com/ The Morrow Pacific project], being [http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county developed by Ambre Energy], would have an operational capacity of two barge-tows per day and would ship between 3.5 to 8 million metric tons with port approval. Coal would arrive on covered barges loaded upstream at the Port of Morrow<ref>[http://www.portofmorrow.com/ Port of Morrow]</ref>, then directly loaded onto about 50 ocean-going ships a year.  
 
[http://columbiariverkeeper.org/top-stories/power-past-coal-rally-57/ Currently, the six proposals would export a total of 146 million tons of coal every year]. This would require over 50 coal trains per day, every day, including 12 trains (6 full, 6 empty) per day through North Portland, according to [http://columbiariverkeeper.org Columbia Riverkeepers]. [http://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/regulatory/docs/notices/NWP-2012-56-ext.pdf According to the EPA], 8.8 million tons/yr barged to Port Westward would translate to approximately 11 trains a week to the Port of Morrow, or 22 trains (round trip) each week. That might be the equivalent of 3-4 train trips a day. [http://portwestwardproject.com/ The Kinder Morgan Port Westward proposal], estimated at 15 tons/yr, would be about double that of [http://morrowpacific.com/q-a the Morrow Pacific barge Proposal], resulting in 5-8, trains, each 125 cars long, passing across Oregon highways every day, to Port Westward, say transportation critics.
 
[[File:Gorge overview map.jpg|center|600px|Columbia River Gorge]]
 
According to Oregon Gov. John Kitzhaber, [http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/04/oregon_gov_john_kitzhaber_call.html the coal projects would require as many as 63 coal trains a day], traveling through "choke points", and may boost Columbia River ship traffic by 70 percent.
 
[http://www.desmogblog.com/coal-train-boardman-epa-warns-significant-public-health-threats-northwest-coal-export-proposal On April 5, the EPA submitted public comments] ([http://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/regulatory/docs/notices/NWP-2012-56-ext.pdf PDF]) expressed some potential red flags:
 
..."Transporting and transloading up to 8.8 million tons of coal with eleven trains, twelve loaded barge tows, and two Panamax ships per week has the potential to significantly impact human health and the environment"...
 
According to a study by the [http://www.worc.org Western Organization of Resource Councils], [http://www.worc.org/userfiles/file/Coal/Exporting_Powder_River_Basin_Coal_Risks_and_Cost.pdf exporting 140 million tons of coal per year would] add nearly 280 million tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and require 60 trains a day to transport to the West Coast.
 
[[File:Solar-coal-power.png|center|Solar Cheaper than Coal]]


[[File:Pwrailroad.coal.jpg|center|500px|Longview Coal Plan]]
Even WITHOUT taking important health and safety costs, advocates say [http://cleantechnica.com/solar-power/ solar can be cost-competitive with coal] and will get more so. The competitive price of natural gas, wind, and solar may make coal export to China a short-term business model doomed to collapse.


== Railroad Issues  ==
== Railroad Issues  ==


[http://portwestwardproject.com/ Kinder Morgan's $150 million to $200 million project] ([http://portwestwardproject.com/PortWestwardFactSheet.pdf pdf]) would receive coal by trains, running through the Columbia Gorge. Environmental groups say each 5 million tons of coal requires one mile-long train a day.
[[File:Powder-River-Map.jpg|right|400px|Powder-River-Map]][http://www.onearth.org/article/coal-on-a-roll?page=1 Coal accounts for more than a quarter of BNSF's revenues] and 90 percent of the coal it hauls is from the Powder River Basin. [http://tdn.com/news/local/coal-terminal-opponents-to-hold-meeting-april-at-cowlitz-pud/article_aad64f52-7935-11e1-9c9c-0019bb2963f4.html Millennium plans to haul at least 45 million tons of coal per year] from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Basin Powder River Basin] in Wyoming and Montana to Longview, Washington. It would use Burlington Northern's rail lines on the Washington side of the Columbia.
 
[http://portwestwardproject.com/ Kinder Morgan's $150 million to $200 million project] on the Oregon side of the Columbia ([http://portwestwardproject.com/PortWestwardFactSheet.pdf pdf]) would receive coal by trains, running through the Columbia Gorge. The proposed Oregon coal facility at Port Westward would use the regional [http://www.gwrr.com/operations/railroads/north_america/portland_western_railroad_inc Portland & Western Railroad] line. Environmental groups say each 5 million tons of coal exported per year requires one mile-long train every day.
 
[[File:Bnsfmap.gif|center|BNSF rail in Washington State]]
 
KING-5 covers [http://www.king5.com/news/up-front/The-great-train-debate-125713753.html The great train debate]over coal facilities at Cherry Point and Longview. One key question that remains unanswered; will coal trains use the Oregon or Washington side of the Columbia River Gorge? An Oregon rail route would cause massive congestion at the intersection of the Steel Bridge and Naito Parkway, among other locations. The Washington side, not so much.
 
[[File:Traintrips.jpg|center|Train trips per day, from Sightline Presentation]]
 
The city of The Dallas listened to  [http://ci.the-dalles.or.us/newsite/sites/default/files/imported/agendas/city_council/PDFs/TownHall041612.pdf a presentation by Sightline on coal export along the Columbia River] (above). [http://daily.sightline.org/2011/10/24/how-coal-is-already-congesting-washingtons-railways/ Critics like Sightline say trains serving Cherry Point WA would more than double the existing rail traffic]. That’s before the region sees any other freight expansions, and before the region gets new passenger rail service. 
 
Presumably Kinder Morgan's 15-30 million ton terminal at Port Westward would use the Washington side, then cross over on the rail bridge west of the I-5 Interstate bridge. Amber Energy says they'll bring coal trains to Boardman then stop - transfering coal to barges to Port Westard. But some are skeptical that Amber Energy is telling the whole truth - they did misrepresent the true size of their proposed Longview facility by a factor of ten. Consequently, Amber's barge proposal may be a similar misrepresentation, say critics.


[[File:Powder-River-Map.jpg|right|400px|Powder-River-Map]]
Rainer, Oregon<ref>[http://www.cityofrainier.com City of Rainier]</ref> has a single P&W track that cuts through the downtown and separates homes and businesses from the rest of the city. The tracks cross multiple streets, and [http://tdn.com/news/local/coal-terminal-plan-presents-unique-challenges-for-rainier/article_aecfa168-6b33-11e1-b63a-0019bb2963f4.html speed limits force trains to creep through town]. The P&W rail line goes through other communities along the Oregon side, from Portland to Clatskanie, Oregon, where Port Westward is located.
[http://tdn.com/news/local/coal-terminal-opponents-to-hold-meeting-april-at-cowlitz-pud/article_aad64f52-7935-11e1-9c9c-0019bb2963f4.html Millennium plans to haul coal] from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Basin Powder River Basin] in Wyoming and Montana to Longview.


Rainer, Oregon<ref>[http://www.cityofrainier.com City of Rainier]</ref> has a single rail line that cuts through the downtown and separates homes and businesses from the rest of the city. The tracks cross multiple streets, and [http://tdn.com/news/local/coal-terminal-plan-presents-unique-challenges-for-rainier/article_aecfa168-6b33-11e1-b63a-0019bb2963f4.html speed limits force trains to creep through town].  
Railroad improvements tend to be costly. There is good reason to worry that taxpayers—not BNSF and not the coal companies—will be asked to expand the state’s railway system to make way for coal, say critics.


Exporting 5 million tons of coal a year, requires about two, mile-long daily train deliveries - one to deliver the coal and one to remove the empties.  
[[File:Bnsfmap2.gif.jpg|center|650px|BNSF rail in Washington State]]


If a 15 million ton coal export terminal is built at Port Westward, it would presumably require six, mile-long train trips through Rainier daily. And that would come on top of the yet-to-be determined number of grain trains that will soon be traveling to the ethanol plant at Port Westward<ref>[http://tdn.com/news/local/article_d6f964ea-075f-11e1-b4d6-001cc4c03286.html Ethanol plant near Clatskanie]</ref>. The 50-mile Portland & Western Railroad rail line<ref>[http://www.gwrr.com/operations/railroads/north_america/portland_western_railroad_inc Portland & Western Railroad]</ref> would have to undergo significant upgrades before that, Oregon Department of Transportation officials said.


[http://lcsco.org/id29.html Each coal train would be 125 cars long], pulled by four locomotives<ref>[http://lcsco.org/ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community]</ref>. A 125-car train is approximate 1.34 miles long.  
[http://westernrailroads.com/fast-facts/bnsf BNSF is the largest transporter of low-sulfur coal in the world] while [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/usguide/attachments/state_factsheets/or.pdf Union Pacific in Oregon] moves containers, primarily. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Oregon Rail transport in Oregon] may be significantly affected by coal trains, creating bottlenecks.


Kinder Morgan's planned 15 million ton Oregon facility would require 3 trainloads each way, or 6 train runs a day. Going 15 mph, it might take 15-20 minutes minutes for each of 6 coal trains daily. Not to mention the current log trains and new trainloads now hauling grain to  [http://biofuelschat.com/topics/ethanol-producer-restart-ore-biorefinery-year the new Columbia Pacific Biorefinery ethanol plant north of Clatskanie], which is restarting their operation and is also located at Port Westward.
[[File:Nwrailroutes.jpg|center|650px|Northwest Rail Routes from Sierra Club Presentation]]


Ambre Energy would bring in coal by barge at the Port of Morrow<ref>[http://www.portofmorrow.com/ Port of Morrow]</ref>, then unload onto ships at a new barge dock at Port Westward. Presumably, if Ambre Energy actually sticks to their plan of barging coal to Port Westward, that would cause less railroad congestion on the Oregon side.


[http://tdn.com/news/local/coal-terminal-opponents-to-hold-meeting-april-at-cowlitz-pud/article_aad64f52-7935-11e1-9c9c-0019bb2963f4.html Kinder Morgan's proposed a $200 million terminal in Oregon would export about 15 million tons of coal annually by train], while Ambre Energy, planned $150 million export facility plans to export 8 million tons of coal annually, by barge.  
[http://www.bnsf.com/customers/pdf/maps/div_nw.pdf Burlington Northern trains use the North side of the Columbia Gorge], on the Washington side. They may cross to the Oregon side using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad_Bridge_9.6 the railroad bridge, just West of the I-5 interstate bridge]. At Willbridge, BNSF and Union Pacific can then join with the [http://www.gwrr.com/operations/railroads/north_america/portland_western_railroad_inc Portland & Western Railroad] to serve Port Westward, near Clatskanie Oregon.
 
The Washington train route would seem to avoid at least one major choke point - Naito Parkway in downtown Portland.
 
Union Pacific trains [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/usguide/attachments/state_factsheets/or.pdf use the South side of the Columbia River], on the Oregon side. Those trains come out through Sullivan's Gulch, beneath the Lloyd Center, and head towards the Steel bridge in downtown Portland. This map shows that all trains MUST cross Naito Parkway if they head down river to Port Westward. Currently, most Oregon-bound trains don't cross the Steel bridge (and Naito Parkway) because they are headed for Rivergate terminals 4, 5 and 6.
 
Coal trains on the Oregon side of the Columbia (from Boardman) might cross over to Washington at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Trunk_Rail_Bridge Celilo train bridge], near Wishram, then cross back to Oregon at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad_Bridge_9.6 Columbia River Railroad Bridge] where it would continue downriver to Port Westward, to eliminate the bottleneck of the Steel Bridge/Naito Parkway crossing. Oregon bottlenecks down river would remain.
 
Amber Energy says not to worry -- they will use barges, not trains from Boardman. Some people do not believe them. Amber Energy purposely misrepresented their Longview proposal. Critics wonder if Amber's barge proposal for Port Westward could also be a railroad job.
 
[[File:Portland.switchyards.jpg|center|650px|Portland Switchyards]]
 
The 50-mile Portland & Western Railroad rail line<ref>[http://www.gwrr.com/operations/railroads/north_america/portland_western_railroad_inc Portland & Western Railroad]</ref> would have to undergo significant upgrades before any of that happens, say Oregon Department of Transportation officials. [http://lcsco.org/id29.html Each coal train would be 125 cars long], pulled by four locomotives<ref>[http://lcsco.org/ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community]</ref>. A 125-car train is approximate 1.34 miles long.
 
[[File:Pwrailroad.coal.jpg|center|500px|Longview Coal Plan]]
 
Kinder Morgan's planned 15 million ton Oregon facility might require 3-6 train runs a day, using the [http://www.gwrr.com/operations/railroads/north_america/portland_western_railroad_inc Portland & Western Railroad].
 
Going 15 mph, it might take 15-20 minutes minutes for each of 6 coal trains daily. Not to mention the current [http://www.teevinbros.com/logyardra.html daily log trains to Teevin Brothers] and trainloads now hauling grain to  [http://biofuelschat.com/topics/ethanol-producer-restart-ore-biorefinery-year the new Columbia Pacific Biorefinery ethanol plant], which is restarting their operation and is co-located at Port Westward.


To handle 25 million metric tons a year at the planned Longview facility, Millennium will have to bring in 5 trains per day, this would amount to 10 trains per day through Longview, Washington. You might figure 24, 1.25 mile long trains daily if the facility expands to 60 million metric tons a year.


[[File:Coaloverpass.jpg|center|600px|Washington Rail Overpass]]
[[File:Coaloverpass.jpg|center|600px|Washington Rail Overpass]]


[http://tdn.com/news/local/massive-rail-expansion-in-works-to-accommodate-coal-project/article_7c85084a-5e8d-11e1-8d6a-001871e3ce6c.html Washington planners are developing a $200 million rail expansion plan] to accommodate thousands of unit trains expected annually to go the proposed Millennium coal terminal west of Longview. It will be funded by those who will benefit from it, including Millennium, the Port of Longview<ref>[http://www.portoflongview.com/ Port of Longview]</ref>, Weyerhaeuser Co., Longview Fibre Paper & Packaging, local governments and other industries.
[http://tdn.com/news/local/massive-rail-expansion-in-works-to-accommodate-coal-project/article_7c85084a-5e8d-11e1-8d6a-001871e3ce6c.html Washington planners are developing a $200 million rail expansion plan] to accommodate thousands of additional coal cars going to the proposed 45 million tons/year Millennium coal terminal, west of Longview. Rail improvements would be funded by those who will benefit from it, say Port officials, including Millennium, the Port of Longview<ref>[http://www.portoflongview.com/ Port of Longview]</ref>, Weyerhaeuser Co., Longview Fibre Paper & Packaging, local governments and other industries. [http://tdn.com/news/local/millennium-bulk-terminals-files-paperwork-with-county-for-million-coal/article_c90b544c-5dbd-11e1-9fae-0019bb2963f4.html Eight, mile-long trains a day would deliver coal to Longview]. Including round trips, 16 coal trains a day could stop traffic at Third Avenue, Oregon Way, California Way and Industrial Way.


[http://tdn.com/news/local/millennium-bulk-terminals-files-paperwork-with-county-for-million-coal/article_c90b544c-5dbd-11e1-9fae-0019bb2963f4.html Eight, mile-long trains a day would deliver coal to Longview to deliver 44 million tons of coal]. Including round trips, that would mean a total of 16 trains a day would stop traffic at Third Avenue, Oregon Way, California Way and Industrial Way.
[http://tdn.com/news/local/coal-terminal-opponents-to-hold-meeting-april-at-cowlitz-pud/article_aad64f52-7935-11e1-9c9c-0019bb2963f4.html Kinder Morgan's proposed a $200 million terminal in Oregon's Port Westward would export about 15 million tons of coal annually by train], while Ambre Energy, planned $150 million export facility at Port Westward would export less (8 million tons), by barge. Ambre Energy would bring in coal by train to the Port of Morrow<ref>[http://www.portofmorrow.com/ Port of Morrow]</ref>, then barge the coal down river to Port Westward. Presumably, if Ambre Energy actually sticks to their plan of barging coal to Port Westward, that would cause less railroad congestion on the Oregon side.


== Possible Infrastructure and Employment Benefits  ==
== Possible Infrastructure and Employment Benefits  ==
[http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2012/05/finding_a_balance_between_job.html Greenbrier and Vigor Industrial were both asked to bid on $70 million of barge construction] for the Morrow Pacific project. [http://tidewater.com/ Tidewater Barge Lines], a Vancouver, Wash.-based barge and tugboat operator is hoping to land a lucrative contract serving Ambre Energy’s proposed $250 million [http://morrowpacific.com/ Morrow Pacific coal export project]. “It’s the biggest (potential) project we’ve looked at in our history,” said Dennis McVicker, CEO of 80-year-old Tidewater, which would use its tugs to guide coal-filled barges back and forth between the two ports, [http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2012/05/coal-export-company-promises-400m-in.html reports Sustainable Oregon Business]. “If we’re selected to do this work, we’re going to be building four or five new boats at maybe $10 million to $11 million per boat.”
"China is building coal-fired electric power plants like crazy," [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/greenspace/2010/12/coal-export-columbia-longview-china.html says Joseph Cannon, Millennium's chief executive]. "They have a near-insatiable appetite for electricity over there. So they're going to burn coal. This coal is vastly cleaner than the coal that's being burned in China. Not just less mercury, but less sulphur and less nitrogen. That's not a greenhouse gas, of course, but this will make it better for the people of China."
[[File:Coal-Fire-Build-Rate.jpg|center|600px|Coal Plant Build Rate]]
[[File:Guaymas Map.jpg|right|290px|Port of Guaymas]] [http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Coal/6202450 Union Pacific is said to be working with Mexican railroad Ferromex on possibly moving coal through the Port of Guaymas], about 240 miles from the US border. "We've seen a higher level of interest for export coal out of Mexican ports," said Eric Butler, Union Pacific executive vice president for marketing and sales. "They do not seem to have the same permitting process that we have had in the Pacific Northwest ports."


Seattle-based environmental advocacy group [http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/coal/Coal%20Export-A%20History%20of%20Failure.pdf The Sightline Institute], notes how the Port of Portland entered into a 25-year lease with a group called Pacific Coal in the 1980s to export coal to Asia. But after $25 million invested, the project was scuttled in 1983 after demand from Asia proved not to be so robust.
Seattle-based environmental advocacy group [http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/coal/Coal%20Export-A%20History%20of%20Failure.pdf The Sightline Institute], notes how the Port of Portland entered into a 25-year lease with a group called Pacific Coal in the 1980s to export coal to Asia. But after $25 million invested, the project was scuttled in 1983 after demand from Asia proved not to be so robust.
Line 183: Line 312:
[[File:Portofvancouver.jpg|center|600px|Port of Vancouver]]
[[File:Portofvancouver.jpg|center|600px|Port of Vancouver]]


Neither the [http://www.portofportland.com/Marine_Home.aspx Port of Portland] nor the [http://www.portvanusa.com/marine-terminals Port of Vancouver] (above) has expressed much enthusiasm for coal, due to cleaner, less problematic business opportunities. [http://www.columbian.com/news/2012/apr/06/100-years-vancouver-the-world-ports-attention-is-f/ The Port of Vancouver celebrated 100 years in April, 2012]. It has 2,127 acres that includes 800 acres of industrial facilities, more than 500 acres of land for future development and more than 100 acres of shovel-ready land.  
Neither the [http://www.portofportland.com/Marine_Home.aspx Port of Portland] nor the [http://www.portvanusa.com/marine-terminals Port of Vancouver] (above) has expressed much enthusiasm for coal, due to cleaner, less problematic business opportunities. [http://www.columbian.com/news/2012/apr/06/100-years-vancouver-the-world-ports-attention-is-f/ The Port of Vancouver celebrated 100 years in April, 2012]. It has 2,127 acres that includes 800 acres of industrial facilities, more than 500 acres of land for future development and more than 100 acres of shovel-ready land.


Proponents of the coal export facilities say these are major facilities for the Northwest. They will bring new jobs and create large-scale infrastructure improvement for the Columbia River and the coast that will result in long term economic development for the whole state.
== Summary  ==
 
Proponents of the coal export facilities say these are major facilities for the Northwest. They will bring new jobs and create large-scale infrastructure improvement for the Columbia River and the coast that will result in long term economic development and employment for the whole region. China needs coal. We've got it.
 
Detractors of the coal export facilities say the transportation impact and infrastructure costs will have a negative impact on the region, as well as diminishing the general health and environment. They say coal exports are an act of desperation by a rust-belt industry and bring financial risk. If it doesn't happen on the Columbia, China will be forced to consider alternatives because exporting from the Gulf is too expensive and Canadian ports are already at capacity.


[http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/coal/ Coal is still powering the United States]:
[http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/coal/ Coal is still powering the United States]:
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* [http://search.oregonlive.com/coal+export Oregonian: Coal Export]
* [http://search.oregonlive.com/coal+export Oregonian: Coal Export]
* [http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2012/03/nw-coal-debate-centers-on-jobs-the.html Sustainable Business Oregon]
* [http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2012/03/nw-coal-debate-centers-on-jobs-the.html Sustainable Business Oregon]
* [http://www.columbian.com/news/2012/apr/13/us-coal-exports-surge-riding-demand-abroad/ Vancouver Columbian]
* [http://earthfix.opb.org/energy/ Earth Fix]
* [http://earthfix.opb.org/energy/ Earth Fix]
* [http://ecotrope.opb.org/ Ecotrope]
* [http://ecotrope.opb.org/ Ecotrope]
* [http://www.portlandtribune.com/sustainable/ Portland Tribune: Sustainable Life]
* [http://www.portlandtribune.com/sustainable/ Portland Tribune: Sustainable Life]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/us/15coal.html?_r=1 NYT: Coal Clash]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/15/us/15coal.html?_r=1 NY Times: Coal Clash]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/can-the-united-states-influence-chinas-coal-habits/2012/05/01/gIQAgqUpuT_blog.html Washington Post: Can blocking coal exports impact China?]
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Coal_exports Source Watch: Coal Exports]
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* [http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county Amber Energy: Columbia County]
* [http://ambreenergy.com.au/news-media/media/ambre-energy-limited-media-releases/port-of-st.-helens-to-hear-morrow-pacific-proposal-bringing-jobs-school-funding-and-economic-growth-to-columbia-county Amber Energy: Columbia County]
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* [http://morrowpacific.com/ Morrow Pacific: Port Westward]
* [http://morrowpacific.com/ Morrow Pacific: Port Westward]
* [http://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/regulatory/docs/notices/NWP-2012-56-ext.pdf Amber Energy Proposal for Port Westward/Port Morrow]
* [http://www.nwp.usace.army.mil/regulatory/docs/notices/NWP-2012-56-ext.pdf Amber Energy Proposal for Port Westward/Port Morrow]
* [http://gatewaypacificterminal.com Gateway Pacific Terminal] proposal for Cherry Point, Washington
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* [http://news.archcoal.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=107109&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1515428&highlight Arch Coal]
* [http://news.archcoal.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=107109&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1515428&highlight Arch Coal]
* [http://www.peabodyenergy.com/content/101/About-Us Peabody Energy]
* [http://www.peabodyenergy.com/content/101/About-Us Peabody Energy]
* [http://www.cloudpeakenergy.com/ Cloud Peak Energy]
* [http://www.cloudpeakenergy.com/ Cloud Peak Energy]
* [http://www.powderriverbasin.org/ Powder River Basin Resource Council]
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* [http://www.workingwaterfrontportland.org/pdfs/PortlandsWorkingRivers_WhitePaper.pdf Carl Abbott: Portland’s Working Rivers: Their Heritage and Future]
* [http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/coal/coal-FAQ.pdf Sightline.org: Northwest Coal Exports]
* [http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/coal/coal-FAQ.pdf Sightline.org: Northwest Coal Exports]
* [http://www.workingwaterfrontportland.org/ WorkingWaterfront.org]
* [http://powerpastcoal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/WORC-Exporting-PRB-Coal-Risks-and-CostsFINALFINAL9-111.pdf Exporting Powder River Basin Coal: Risks and Costs]
* [http://www.workingwaterfrontportland.org/pdfs/PortlandsWorkingRivers_WhitePaper.pdf Carl Abbott: Portland’s Working Rivers: Their Heritage and Future]
* [http://www.sierraclub.org/coal/nw/ Sierra Club: Coal-Free Northwest]
 
* [http://beyondcoal.org/ Sierra Club: Beyond Coal Campaign]
* [http://coaldiver.org/ Coal Diver]  
* [http://www.coaltrainfacts.org/ Coal Train Facts]
* [http://www.onearth.org/article/coal-on-a-roll?page=1 Coal on a Roll]
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* [http://lcsco.org/ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community]
* [http://lcsco.org/ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community]
* [http://beyondcoal.org/ Sierra Club: Beyond Coal Campaign]
* [http://coalfreegorge.wordpress.com/ Communities for a Coal Free Gorge]
* [http://coalfreegorge.wordpress.com/ Communities for a Coal Free Gorge]
* [http://www.coaltrainfacts.org/ Coal Train Facts]
* [http://nocoaleugene.org/ No Coal Eugene]
* [http://www.willamette-riverkeeper.org/WRK/index.html Willamette River Keepers]
* [http://www.willamette-riverkeeper.org/WRK/index.html Willamette River Keepers]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzBhq6Bhtvs Cherry Point WA Coal Opposition Video]
* [http://www.powderriverbasin.org/youtube-videos/ Video on Powder River Basin]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzBhq6Bhtvs Cherry Point Coal Opposition Video]
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Northern_Railroad BNSF Railroad]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad Union Pacific Railroad]
* [http://www.gwrr.com/operations/railroads/north_america/portland_western_railroad_inc Portland & Western Railroad]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_and_Pacific_Railroad Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad]
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* [http://www.portofmorrow.com/ Port of Morrow]
* [http://www.portofmorrow.com/ Port of Morrow]
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* [http://www.portofastoria.com/ Port of Astoria]
* [http://www.portofastoria.com/ Port of Astoria]
* [http://www.portofcoosbay.com/ Port of Coos Bay]
* [http://www.portofcoosbay.com/ Port of Coos Bay]
--
* [http://www.nwenergy.org/about-the-coalition/members/oregon-members/ NW Energy Coalition Members]
* [http://www.rnp.org/our_members Renewable Northwest Members]





Latest revision as of 23:05, 22 January 2013

Coal Fired Power in Oregon is part of the Green industry portal

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Introduction

Coal. The United States is the Saudi Arabia of coal. We've got more coal than just about anybody. Half the electricity generated in the United States comes from coal. Today, more than 90 percent of the coal used in America goes to make electricity, according to an NPR documentary on coal. Clean coal advocates call it "America's new green energy."

NPR Radioworks documentary on coal
NPR Radioworks documentary on coal

But coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the atmosphere, causing climate change. It interferes with groundwater and water table levels. It causes acid rain and has a host of other issues.

Global CO2 Emissions
Global CO2 Emissions

In the Northwest, we're lucky to not be dependent on coal. But it's cheap and plentiful. Coal is not going away.

The coal pie
The coal pie
Normalized energy prices

Coal plants generate power for three cents a kilowatt hour. "Clean coal" isn't a type of coal but a process to clean it up, capturing particulates and green-house emitting carbon dioxide. It's an expensive process.

Clean coal costs 6 cents a kilowatt hour.

Most renewable projects, like wind and solar, are in the range of 15 to 20 cents a kilowatt hour.

In the United States, electricity generation accounts for nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, the largest of any source.

The Obama administration in March, 2012 has proposed the first-ever limits on heat-trapping pollution from new power plants, ignoring protests from industry and Republicans who have said the regulation will raise electricity prices and kill off coal, the dominant U.S. energy source. But the proposal also fell short of environmentalists' hopes because it goes easier than it could have on coal-fired power, one of the largest sources of the gases blamed for global warming.

"The standard will check the previously uncontrolled amount (of carbon pollution) that power plants ... release into our atmosphere," said Lisa Jackson, head of the Environmental Protection Agency.

Coal Fired Powerplants

Boardman coal fired power plant
Boardman coal fired power plant

The Boardman coal-fired plant accounts for 15 percent of the power provided by PGE, Oregon's largest electric utility. Pacific Power's share of coal is 40%, according to Washington State's online reports (pdf).

PacifiCorp relies on a fleet of 26 coal-fired boilers at 11 locations in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona and Colorado, reports the Oregonian. Those plants provide almost two-thirds of the electricity consumed by customers in its six-state territory, and their low-cost output partly explains why Pacific Power's rates in Oregon remain lower than PGE's. But PacifiCorp's reliance on coal plants brings the utility to an expensive juncture, says the Oregonian.

Facebook’s data center in Prineville, Oregon is receiving a “green” backlash since its electric utility, Pacific Power, will likely be getting most of its power from a coal-powered generator in Boardman, Oregon.

Facebook's data center in Prineville
Facebook's data center in Prineville


Like other data centers from Google, Amazon and Microsoft which are located along the Columbia for cheap electricity, Facebook is designing its own data centers. The company’s facility went live in Prineville, Oregon at the beginning of 2011, wringing every watt from its coal-powered electric utility.

Boardman coal field
Boardman coal field

Apple's data center in Maiden, North Carolina is powered by coal, but Apple is building a 20 MW solar array plus a 5 MW fuel cell farm that it plans to run entirely on biogas (eventually).

Apple bought 160 acres in Prineville near the Facebook data center and is now constructing a 10,000 square-foot, server farm.

World Coal Supplies
World Coal Supplies

Apple's 31-megawatt data center in Prineville will use enough energy to power five cities of Prineville's size, according to The Oregonian. The Oregon facility will open using only renewable energy, according to Chief Financial Officer Peter Oppenheimer.

Facebook avoided tiered energy rates, due to a formula used by the Bonneville Power Administration, the federal agency that operates dams on the Columbia River and sells the power at cost to utilities.

Pacific Power supplies Prineville electricity from the nearby Boardman coal-fired plant.

No active commercial coal mines remain in Oregon, and the state plans to phase out Oregon's last coal-fired plant in Boardman by 2020. Still, almost 40 percent of the state’s electricity still comes from coal-burning power plants, mostly from Pacific Power's coal-fired plants.

The Global Coal Market

Coal currently accounts for 28 percent of the world’s energy consumption and generates 42 percent of the world’s electrical supply. The U.S. has 28 percent of global coal reserves, but just nine export terminals — all on the East Coast. The only West Coast options are three terminals in British Columbia, but producers in the coal-rich Powder River Basin of Montana and Wyoming are thirsty for a new path to meet demand from developing nations like China.

U.S. coal consumption fell nearly 5 percent last year to just over 1 billion short tons, according to data from U.S. Energy Information Administration. It’s expected to fall another 4 percent this year to 962 million tons.

Coal Use in the United States
Coal Use in the United States

Global energy use is projected to grow by 53 percent through 2035. Rising Asian demand has prompted coal companies in Montana and Wyoming's Powder River Basin [1] to push hard for Northwest export space.

World Electricity Use
World Electricity Use

Arch Coal’s Black Thunder is the biggest mine in the Powder River Basin.

Arch Coal’s Black Thunder Mine
Arch Coal’s Black Thunder Mine

Coal Export Proposals for the Columbia River

Exporting coal to Asia from Oregon is on the front burner[2] since other West Coast facilities are at capacity and the Columbia River region is a straight shot from the Powder River Basin where the coal is, in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming. China has lots of coal - but it's up north, far from most of the industry in southern China. Half a dozen major coal export terminals have now been proposed for the Northwest. If all of the projects were built, as much as 150 million tons of coal per year could be exported from the Northwest, nearly 50 percent more than the nation’s entire coal export output last year, reports the NY Times.

Proposed NW Coal Export Facilities
Name Location Tonage Backer
Cherry Point Gateway Pacific Bellingham WA 48 SSA Marine
Port of Gray's Harbor Aberdeen WA 5 Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad - Rocky Mountain coal
Millennium Bulk Longview OR 44 Amber Energy
Port Westward Project Clatskanie OR 15 Kinder Morgan
Morrow Pacific Clatskanie OR 8 Amber Energy
Port of Coos Bay Coos Bay OR ? Mitsu

The United States uses about 1 billion tons of coal a year, with about 40 percent of the coal currently coming from the Powder River Basin. It is the single largest source of coal mined in the United States, more than twice the production of second-place West Virginia, and more than the entire Appalachian region.

The market for coal is receding in the United States. New pollution restrictions on coal-fired power plants were enacted by Congress in 2012, increasing the cost of operation. At the same time, huge reserves of much cleaner Natural Gas are now available, relatively inexpensively, enabled by the fracking process.

Natural gas is now often cheaper than coal in the United States. Power plants are now moving from coal to natural gas on a large scale. Coal producers aren't selling as much product.

Coal producers hope China will take up the slack and want to build export facilities in Washington and Oregon.

Planned Coal Export Facilities
Planned Coal Export Facilities

The opposition group, Friends of Columbia Gorge has a Presentation that shows an overview of the coal fields in the Powder River Basin, in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming, and the expected coal train route through the Northwest.

Planned Coal Export Facilities
Planned Coal Export Facilities

Last year, China imported 182 million metric tons of coal, surpassing Japan as the world's largest coal importer. That amount is more than the capacity of four existing coal terminals in Alaska and British Columbia and five proposed Pacific Northwest terminals combined — including one proposal in Longview and two near Clatskanie [3]. Still the coal export facility in Cherry Point, WA, and a coal export facility in Grey's Harbor would add an additional 10 trainloads daily to the 10 trainloads of coal bound for Longview, WA (not to mention Point Westward, Oregon). Presumably that totals more than 20 trainloads daily. With a 15 minute wait for each 1.2 mile train, coal trains would have a significant impact on vehicular traffic in the region.

Five Coal Export Terminals
Five Coal Export Terminals

A figure of one coal train a day to deliver 5 million tons a year has been used by some, but that figure requires substantiation. According to Carrix/SSA, the total number of coal train trips per day (arriving full, leaving empty) to transport 48 million tons of coal per year would be in the range of 16 to 18, reports CoalFreeGorge. If you divide 48 tons by 16 train trips, that seems to indicate 3 tons per year per train trip (coming and going).

China’s Rising Coal Imports
China’s Rising Coal Imports

Exporting 150 million tons of coal produces about as much carbon dioxide as 60 million cars, notes the Washington Post. Would blocking these export terminals have any impact on the growth of coal in China? There’s some evidence that it could. Still, global warming politics may not be as heated as the increasingly bitter battle between jobs vs the environment.

Coal Export Proposal for Longview

Millennium Bulk Terminals, a subsidiary of Australia's Ambre Energy [4], plans to build the first major U.S. coal export terminal on the West Coast in Longview [5]. Millennium would build their coal export facility in Longview, Washington[6], and has now greatly expanded their plans[7].

Instead of shipping 5.7 million tons of coal a year, as originally proposed, it now plans for a $600 million terminal to ship 44 million tons a year, from Longview[8]. It would be the largest such coal terminal in North America, The Daily News of Longview reported on February 23, 2012. The proposed Gateway Pacific Terminal, in Cherry Point, Washington, would have a similar capacity - around 48 million tons of coal a year.

Millennium Bulk Terminals near Longview Washington
Millennium Bulk Terminals near Longview Washington

Millennium Bulk Terminals, is planning to develop a 406-acre Reynolds facility in Longview, Washington into a coal terminal, reports TDN[9]. Millennium's CEO, said he thinks projected Asian demand for coal could support "multiple" terminals on the Columbia River.


The proposed export facility [10] would ship from 5 to 60 million tons of coal to Asia annually. Five million tones is an amount said to be roughly equal to the amount of coal burned in the whole state of Washington, reports SustainableBusinessOregon [11].

The New York Times reported on Feb 4, 2012 [12], that court records show that leaders of the company planning to build the facility, now called Millennium Bulk Terminals, tried to limit what state officials knew about its long-term goals during the early permitting process last year.

The company’s initial application [13] described a facility that could export up to five million tons of coal per year. But court records show that the company hoped to greatly expand that amount in a second phase to 20 million tons or even 60 million tons annually.

Opposition groups, led by Portland-based Columbia Riverkeeper [14], have already come out against both plans, saying they're worried about the health effects of coal dust in the community and a large number of coal trains clogging vehicle traffic.

Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community [15] formed last year to protest the proposed $600 million coal terminal from Millennium Bulk Terminals at the former Reynolds Metals Co. site west of Longview [16].

Two Coal Export Proposals for Clatskanie, Oregon's Port Westward

In January, Port of St. Helens commissioners approved lease options for two coal terminals for Port Westward. The five-member The Port of St. Helens[17] commission unanimously approved a lease option from Pacific Transloading, a subsidiary of Amber Energy, to operate their barge dock. They also voted 4-1 to approve a lease option from Houston-based energy giant Kinder Morgan to build a rail-fed coal terminal for Port Westward.

Two giant energy companies have submitted separate proposals to develop coal export facilities at Port Westward [18]. It would be located on the Columbia, north of Clatskanie, Oregon [19], potentially making the Columbia River a major thoroughfare for transporting coal to Asia. If approved, the two projects would add more than 100 jobs.

Clatskanie, Oregon
Clatskanie, Oregon

Kinder Morgon Coal Export from Port Westward

The Kinder Morgan terminal [20] would create 80 family-wage jobs at the port, according to Patrick Trapp, director of the Port of St. Helens [21], which operates Port Westward.

Portwestward, Oregon
Portwestward, Oregon

Port Westward (above), on the Oregon side, is about 12 miles downriver from the proposed Longview coal export facility.

Kinder Morgan
Kinder Morgan

Kinder Morgan's $150 to $200 million facility at Portwestward would use coal trains (company fact sheet). It would export about 15 million tons of coal annually.

PGE Power Plants
PGE Power Plants

Scott Learn, of the Oregonian reports[22] that the agreements with Kinder Morgan and Ambre Energy would provide construction work and up to 105 full-time jobs.


UPDATE: Portland General Electric has apparently blocked Kinder Morgan’s plans for a coal export terminal.

PGE renewed a 99-year lease in 2008 on 852 acres of developable land at the Port of St. Helens-owned land near Clatskanie.

In turn, PGE can sublease the property. But PGE – which itself runs two power-generation facilities on that property – decided in mid-April that Kinder Morgan's facility could have detrimental effects on its own operations.

PGE spokesman Steve Corson told the Spotlight May 2 his company felt the presumed coal dust that would come from the export terminal might harm its significant investments if Kinder Morgan moved in next door.

Ambre Energy/Pacific Transloading Coal Export from Port Westward

A second coal export facility, Pacific Transloading, has also been proposed for the same Port Westard location. It differs from the Kinder Morgan proposal in that it plans to barge coal to Port Westward. It would move coal on barges down the river from Port Morrow[23] in Central Oregon to ships docked at the Port Westward export facility. Pacific Transloading says it would only export about 8 million tons of coal annually.

Longview Coal Plan
Longview Coal Plan
Loading Coal from Port Westward
Loading Coal from Port Westward

Pacific Transloading is a subsidiary of Australian coal giant Ambre Energy[24].

Amber Energy says The Morrow Pacific Project will create 25 new jobs in Morrow County and 25 new jobs in Columbia County where the coal is transferred to oceangoing barges. These will be well-paying jobs, says Amber Energy, with average salaries in the range of $50,000 to $90,000.

The Morrow Pacific project, being developed by Ambre Energy, would have an operational capacity of two barge-tows per day and would ship between 3.5 to 8 million metric tons with port approval. Coal would arrive on covered barges loaded upstream at the Port of Morrow[25], then directly loaded onto about 50 ocean-going ships a year.

Another Ambre subsidiary company, Millennium Bulk Logistics of Longview[26], is also the one hoping to build the Longview coal export, about 12 miles up the river, which would import coal by train (on the Washington side).


But Pacific Transloading's parent company, Amber Energy, can't be trusted, say critics. They mislead Longview officials on the size of their Longview proposal, initially saying the export facility would only export 5.7 million tons. On September 2, 2010, Millennium filed an application with Cowlitz County to build and operate a 5.7 million ton per year facility in Longview. But the company deliberately misled officials about the size of the project. In fact, Amber Energy was planning a facility ten times that size all along - 45 million tons to 60 million tons - or more.

Boardman burns 3 to 5 million tons of coal per year, according to Laura Stevens of the Sierra Club’s Beyond Coal campaign. Anything less than 10-15 million tons a year is a drop in the bucket to what China will need.

Coal Export from Coos Bay

In October 2011, the Port of Coos Bay [27] signed an exclusive negotiating agreement with an anonymous company interested in shipping coal from the port (document).

Coos Bay, Oregon
Coos Bay, Oregon

The Japanese conglomerate Mitsui and California-based Metro Ports are two of the key players in a bid to develop a coal export terminal with the Port of Coos Bay, EarthFix has learned. Environmental groups opposed to coal exportation have criticized the port’s refusal to disclose the names of its potential partners. Mitsui operates a major rail-car leasing business while Metro Ports is a stevedoring and terminal management company.

An engineering study found that a rail line between Coos Bay and Eugene needs about 100 million dollars worth of work before it can handle heavier train traffic. The study was paid for by anonymous investors interested in exporting coal from Coos Bay. Environmental groups have filed formal requests for records detailing the proposal. The port has said it would charge the groups thousands of dollars so that a lawyer could determine whether information is confidential or public under state law. Coal dust is one of the environmental groups concerns.

The port of Coos Bay wants to dredge more than 5 million cubic yards for an access channel and a new two-slip marine terminal on the bay's North Spit. It estimates the terminal would generate from 26 to 280 long-term jobs.

Opposition to Coal Exporting along the Columbia River

Portland Tribune
Portland Tribune

If all six coal export terminals are approved and fully developed, they would feed enough carbon dioxide-spewing coal plants in Asia to equal 65 Boardmans. "Then we're all toast," says KC Golden, policy director for Climate Solutions in Seattle. "It becomes mathematically impossible to stabilize the climate at safe levels," he says.

The EPA said that the Port of Morrow project has “the potential to significantly impact human health and the environment," and called for a full review of the potential impacts of exporting large amounts of coal from Wyoming and Montana to Asia.

A Sightline Institute investigation found that “500 pounds to a ton of coal can escape from a single loaded car,” using calculations by the BNSF railroad.

Oregon's governor called on federal agencies to thoroughly evaluate the environmental impacts of coal-export projects, saying the United States risks locking Asian countries into dependency on fossil fuels if it expands access to vast American coal reserves.

World Electricity Use
World Electricity Use

The Whatcom Docs – a large group of doctors in Whatcom County say increased Coal Train Traffic Could Mean Bad News For Public Health, with the effects of air pollution real and measurable.

Port Edward coal cloud
Port Edward coal cloud

The coal cloud from BC's Port Edward illustrates the concerns about the coal dust from an export terminal.

Besides questions over the environmental impact, critics point out the terminal would snarl vehicle traffic at railroad crossings through Longview's industrial corridor.

Agreements with the Port of St. Helens were hammered out in secret, said Laura Stevens, organizer with the Sierra Club's Beyond Coal Campaign[28]. Opponents expected the commission to hear proposals from the two companies, considered publicly for the first time Jan 25, 2012, but not to vote on agreements. Instead the commissioners held a closed executive session, then endorsed the agreements that may lead to exporting coal through the port's Port Westward industrial park in Clatskanie[29].

Portland Rally Against Coal Export Terminals
Portland Rally Against Coal Export Terminals

Currently, the six proposals would export a total of 146 million tons of coal every year. This would require over 50 coal trains per day, every day, including 12 trains (6 full, 6 empty) per day through North Portland, according to Columbia Riverkeepers. According to the EPA, 8.8 million tons/yr barged to Port Westward would translate to approximately 11 trains a week to the Port of Morrow, or 22 trains (round trip) each week. That might be the equivalent of 3-4 train trips a day. The Kinder Morgan Port Westward proposal, estimated at 15 tons/yr, would be about double that of the Morrow Pacific barge Proposal, resulting in 5-8, trains, each 125 cars long, passing across Oregon highways every day, to Port Westward, say transportation critics.

Columbia River Gorge
Columbia River Gorge

According to Oregon Gov. John Kitzhaber, the coal projects would require as many as 63 coal trains a day, traveling through "choke points", and may boost Columbia River ship traffic by 70 percent.

On April 5, the EPA submitted public comments (PDF) expressed some potential red flags:

..."Transporting and transloading up to 8.8 million tons of coal with eleven trains, twelve loaded barge tows, and two Panamax ships per week has the potential to significantly impact human health and the environment"...

According to a study by the Western Organization of Resource Councils, exporting 140 million tons of coal per year would add nearly 280 million tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and require 60 trains a day to transport to the West Coast.

Solar Cheaper than Coal
Solar Cheaper than Coal

Even WITHOUT taking important health and safety costs, advocates say solar can be cost-competitive with coal and will get more so. The competitive price of natural gas, wind, and solar may make coal export to China a short-term business model doomed to collapse.

Railroad Issues

Powder-River-Map
Powder-River-Map

Coal accounts for more than a quarter of BNSF's revenues and 90 percent of the coal it hauls is from the Powder River Basin. Millennium plans to haul at least 45 million tons of coal per year from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana to Longview, Washington. It would use Burlington Northern's rail lines on the Washington side of the Columbia.

Kinder Morgan's $150 million to $200 million project on the Oregon side of the Columbia (pdf) would receive coal by trains, running through the Columbia Gorge. The proposed Oregon coal facility at Port Westward would use the regional Portland & Western Railroad line. Environmental groups say each 5 million tons of coal exported per year requires one mile-long train every day.

BNSF rail in Washington State
BNSF rail in Washington State

KING-5 covers The great train debateover coal facilities at Cherry Point and Longview. One key question that remains unanswered; will coal trains use the Oregon or Washington side of the Columbia River Gorge? An Oregon rail route would cause massive congestion at the intersection of the Steel Bridge and Naito Parkway, among other locations. The Washington side, not so much.

Train trips per day, from Sightline Presentation
Train trips per day, from Sightline Presentation

The city of The Dallas listened to a presentation by Sightline on coal export along the Columbia River (above). Critics like Sightline say trains serving Cherry Point WA would more than double the existing rail traffic. That’s before the region sees any other freight expansions, and before the region gets new passenger rail service.

Presumably Kinder Morgan's 15-30 million ton terminal at Port Westward would use the Washington side, then cross over on the rail bridge west of the I-5 Interstate bridge. Amber Energy says they'll bring coal trains to Boardman then stop - transfering coal to barges to Port Westard. But some are skeptical that Amber Energy is telling the whole truth - they did misrepresent the true size of their proposed Longview facility by a factor of ten. Consequently, Amber's barge proposal may be a similar misrepresentation, say critics.

Rainer, Oregon[30] has a single P&W track that cuts through the downtown and separates homes and businesses from the rest of the city. The tracks cross multiple streets, and speed limits force trains to creep through town. The P&W rail line goes through other communities along the Oregon side, from Portland to Clatskanie, Oregon, where Port Westward is located.

Railroad improvements tend to be costly. There is good reason to worry that taxpayers—not BNSF and not the coal companies—will be asked to expand the state’s railway system to make way for coal, say critics.

BNSF rail in Washington State
BNSF rail in Washington State


BNSF is the largest transporter of low-sulfur coal in the world while Union Pacific in Oregon moves containers, primarily. Rail transport in Oregon may be significantly affected by coal trains, creating bottlenecks.

Northwest Rail Routes from Sierra Club Presentation
Northwest Rail Routes from Sierra Club Presentation


Burlington Northern trains use the North side of the Columbia Gorge, on the Washington side. They may cross to the Oregon side using the railroad bridge, just West of the I-5 interstate bridge. At Willbridge, BNSF and Union Pacific can then join with the Portland & Western Railroad to serve Port Westward, near Clatskanie Oregon.

The Washington train route would seem to avoid at least one major choke point - Naito Parkway in downtown Portland.

Union Pacific trains use the South side of the Columbia River, on the Oregon side. Those trains come out through Sullivan's Gulch, beneath the Lloyd Center, and head towards the Steel bridge in downtown Portland. This map shows that all trains MUST cross Naito Parkway if they head down river to Port Westward. Currently, most Oregon-bound trains don't cross the Steel bridge (and Naito Parkway) because they are headed for Rivergate terminals 4, 5 and 6.

Coal trains on the Oregon side of the Columbia (from Boardman) might cross over to Washington at the Celilo train bridge, near Wishram, then cross back to Oregon at the Columbia River Railroad Bridge where it would continue downriver to Port Westward, to eliminate the bottleneck of the Steel Bridge/Naito Parkway crossing. Oregon bottlenecks down river would remain.

Amber Energy says not to worry -- they will use barges, not trains from Boardman. Some people do not believe them. Amber Energy purposely misrepresented their Longview proposal. Critics wonder if Amber's barge proposal for Port Westward could also be a railroad job.

Portland Switchyards
Portland Switchyards

The 50-mile Portland & Western Railroad rail line[31] would have to undergo significant upgrades before any of that happens, say Oregon Department of Transportation officials. Each coal train would be 125 cars long, pulled by four locomotives[32]. A 125-car train is approximate 1.34 miles long.

Longview Coal Plan
Longview Coal Plan

Kinder Morgan's planned 15 million ton Oregon facility might require 3-6 train runs a day, using the Portland & Western Railroad.

Going 15 mph, it might take 15-20 minutes minutes for each of 6 coal trains daily. Not to mention the current daily log trains to Teevin Brothers and trainloads now hauling grain to the new Columbia Pacific Biorefinery ethanol plant, which is restarting their operation and is co-located at Port Westward.


Washington Rail Overpass
Washington Rail Overpass

Washington planners are developing a $200 million rail expansion plan to accommodate thousands of additional coal cars going to the proposed 45 million tons/year Millennium coal terminal, west of Longview. Rail improvements would be funded by those who will benefit from it, say Port officials, including Millennium, the Port of Longview[33], Weyerhaeuser Co., Longview Fibre Paper & Packaging, local governments and other industries. Eight, mile-long trains a day would deliver coal to Longview. Including round trips, 16 coal trains a day could stop traffic at Third Avenue, Oregon Way, California Way and Industrial Way.

Kinder Morgan's proposed a $200 million terminal in Oregon's Port Westward would export about 15 million tons of coal annually by train, while Ambre Energy, planned $150 million export facility at Port Westward would export less (8 million tons), by barge. Ambre Energy would bring in coal by train to the Port of Morrow[34], then barge the coal down river to Port Westward. Presumably, if Ambre Energy actually sticks to their plan of barging coal to Port Westward, that would cause less railroad congestion on the Oregon side.

Possible Infrastructure and Employment Benefits

Greenbrier and Vigor Industrial were both asked to bid on $70 million of barge construction for the Morrow Pacific project. Tidewater Barge Lines, a Vancouver, Wash.-based barge and tugboat operator is hoping to land a lucrative contract serving Ambre Energy’s proposed $250 million Morrow Pacific coal export project. “It’s the biggest (potential) project we’ve looked at in our history,” said Dennis McVicker, CEO of 80-year-old Tidewater, which would use its tugs to guide coal-filled barges back and forth between the two ports, reports Sustainable Oregon Business. “If we’re selected to do this work, we’re going to be building four or five new boats at maybe $10 million to $11 million per boat.”

"China is building coal-fired electric power plants like crazy," says Joseph Cannon, Millennium's chief executive. "They have a near-insatiable appetite for electricity over there. So they're going to burn coal. This coal is vastly cleaner than the coal that's being burned in China. Not just less mercury, but less sulphur and less nitrogen. That's not a greenhouse gas, of course, but this will make it better for the people of China."

Coal Plant Build Rate
Coal Plant Build Rate


Port of Guaymas
Port of Guaymas

Union Pacific is said to be working with Mexican railroad Ferromex on possibly moving coal through the Port of Guaymas, about 240 miles from the US border. "We've seen a higher level of interest for export coal out of Mexican ports," said Eric Butler, Union Pacific executive vice president for marketing and sales. "They do not seem to have the same permitting process that we have had in the Pacific Northwest ports."

Seattle-based environmental advocacy group The Sightline Institute, notes how the Port of Portland entered into a 25-year lease with a group called Pacific Coal in the 1980s to export coal to Asia. But after $25 million invested, the project was scuttled in 1983 after demand from Asia proved not to be so robust.

“The Port of Portland tried a coal export terminal in the early 1980s and it collapsed,” said Brett VandenHeuvel, executive director of Hood River environmental advocacy group Columbia Riverkeeper. “The rhetoric was exactly the same as we see today. The market shifted and they never shipped a single ounce of product.”

But officials at the Port of Portland aren’t as willing to portray the 1980s coal experiment as a failure, reports Erik Siemers in Sustainable Business Oregon.

Port of Portland Terminal 4
Port of Portland Terminal 4


The work on that 1980s coal terminal paved the way to what is today a thriving operation at the Port of Portland's Terminal Four, exporting Soda ash from Kinder-Morgan berth 411 Google Map. In 2009, Kinder-Morgan handled approx 2 million tons of Soda Ash.

Port of Portland Potash Terminal 5
Port of Portland Potash Terminal 5

The Port of Portland's Terminal Five, uses the rail infrastructure to export potash, brought in from Canada. Potash is a bulk commodity used in fertilizers. See: Sam Churchill's tour of Terminal 5

Port of Vancouver
Port of Vancouver

Neither the Port of Portland nor the Port of Vancouver (above) has expressed much enthusiasm for coal, due to cleaner, less problematic business opportunities. The Port of Vancouver celebrated 100 years in April, 2012. It has 2,127 acres that includes 800 acres of industrial facilities, more than 500 acres of land for future development and more than 100 acres of shovel-ready land.

Summary

Proponents of the coal export facilities say these are major facilities for the Northwest. They will bring new jobs and create large-scale infrastructure improvement for the Columbia River and the coast that will result in long term economic development and employment for the whole region. China needs coal. We've got it.

Detractors of the coal export facilities say the transportation impact and infrastructure costs will have a negative impact on the region, as well as diminishing the general health and environment. They say coal exports are an act of desperation by a rust-belt industry and bring financial risk. If it doesn't happen on the Columbia, China will be forced to consider alternatives because exporting from the Gulf is too expensive and Canadian ports are already at capacity.

Coal is still powering the United States:

Obama: "This is America. We figured out how to put a man on the moon in ten years. You can't tell me we can't figure out how to burn coal, that we mine right here in the United States of America, and make it work. We can do that".

Soren Wheeler of RadioLab takes us to Butte Montana, home of the Berkeley Pit. Artist Edward Burtynsky produced a documentary film called Manufactured Landscapes.

References

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