Difference between revisions of "Coal Fired Power in Oregon"
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Railroad improvements tend to be costly. There is good reason to worry that taxpayers—not BNSF and not the coal companies—will be asked to expand the state’s railway system to make way for coal, say critics. | Railroad improvements tend to be costly. There is good reason to worry that taxpayers—not BNSF and not the coal companies—will be asked to expand the state’s railway system to make way for coal, say critics. | ||
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| + | [[File:Bnsfmap2.gif.jpg|center|650px|BNSF rail in Washington State]] | ||
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| + | [http://westernrailroads.com/fast-facts/bnsf BNSF is the largest transporter of low-sulfur coal in the world] while [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/usguide/attachments/state_factsheets/or.pdf Union Pacific in Oregon] moves containers, primarily. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Oregon Rail transport in Oregon] may be significantly affected by coal trains, creating bottlenecks. | ||
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| + | [[File:Portland.switchyards.jpg|center|650px|Portland Switchyards]] | ||
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| + | Union Pacific trains [http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/usguide/attachments/state_factsheets/or.pdf use the South side of the Columbia River]. Those trains come across the Steel bridge in downtown Portland, then must cross Naito Parkway to head down river to Port Westward. Alternatively, [http://www.bnsf.com/customers/pdf/maps/div_nw.pdf BNSF trains come down the North side of the Gorge], on the Washington side. They can cross over to the Oregon side, West of the vehicular I-5 bridge, near the Willbridge Junction in the industrial area of Portland. There BNSF meets [http://www.gwrr.com/operations/railroads/north_america/portland_western_railroad_inc Portland & Western Railroad] which is the line serving Port Westward, Oregon. The Washington route would seem to avoid at least one major chokepoint on Naito Parkway. | ||
If a 15 million ton coal export terminal is built at Port Westward, it would presumably require six, mile-long train trips through Rainier daily. And that would come on top of the yet-to-be determined number of grain trains that will soon be traveling to the ethanol plant at Port Westward<ref>[http://tdn.com/news/local/article_d6f964ea-075f-11e1-b4d6-001cc4c03286.html Ethanol plant near Clatskanie]</ref>. The 50-mile Portland & Western Railroad rail line<ref>[http://www.gwrr.com/operations/railroads/north_america/portland_western_railroad_inc Portland & Western Railroad]</ref> would have to undergo significant upgrades before that, Oregon Department of Transportation officials said. | If a 15 million ton coal export terminal is built at Port Westward, it would presumably require six, mile-long train trips through Rainier daily. And that would come on top of the yet-to-be determined number of grain trains that will soon be traveling to the ethanol plant at Port Westward<ref>[http://tdn.com/news/local/article_d6f964ea-075f-11e1-b4d6-001cc4c03286.html Ethanol plant near Clatskanie]</ref>. The 50-mile Portland & Western Railroad rail line<ref>[http://www.gwrr.com/operations/railroads/north_america/portland_western_railroad_inc Portland & Western Railroad]</ref> would have to undergo significant upgrades before that, Oregon Department of Transportation officials said. | ||
Revision as of 14:30, 30 April 2012
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Introduction
Coal. The United States is the Saudi Arabia of coal. We've got more coal than just about anybody. Half the electricity generated in the United States comes from coal. Today, more than 90 percent of the coal used in America goes to make electricity, according to an NPR documentary on coal. Clean coal advocates call it "America's new green energy."
But coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the atmosphere, causing climate change. It interferes with groundwater and water table levels. It causes acid rain and has a host of other issues.
In the Northwest, we're lucky to not be dependent on coal. But it's cheap and plentiful. Coal is not going away.
Clean coal costs 6 cents a kilowatt hour.
Most renewable projects, like wind and solar, are in the range of 15 to 20 cents a kilowatt hour.
In the United States, electricity generation accounts for nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, the largest of any source.
The Obama administration in March, 2012 has proposed the first-ever limits on heat-trapping pollution from new power plants, ignoring protests from industry and Republicans who have said the regulation will raise electricity prices and kill off coal, the dominant U.S. energy source. But the proposal also fell short of environmentalists' hopes because it goes easier than it could have on coal-fired power, one of the largest sources of the gases blamed for global warming.
"The standard will check the previously uncontrolled amount (of carbon pollution) that power plants ... release into our atmosphere," said Lisa Jackson, head of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Coal Fired Powerplants
PacifiCorp relies on a fleet of 26 coal-fired boilers at 11 locations in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona and Colorado, reports the Oregonian. Those plants provide almost two-thirds of the electricity consumed by customers in its six-state territory, and their low-cost output partly explains why Pacific Power's rates in Oregon remain lower than PGE's. But PacifiCorp's reliance on coal plants brings the utility to an expensive juncture, says the Oregonian.
Facebook’s data center in Prineville, Oregon is receiving a “green” backlash since its electric utility, Pacific Power, will likely be getting most of its power from a coal-powered generator in Boardman, Oregon.
Like other data centers from Google, Amazon and Microsoft which are located along the Columbia for cheap electricity, Facebook is designing its own data centers. The company’s facility went live in Prineville, Oregon at the beginning of 2011, wringing every watt from its coal-powered electric utility.
Apple bought 160 acres in Prineville near the Facebook data center and is now constructing a 10,000 square-foot, server farm.
Facebook avoided tiered energy rates, due to a formula used by the Bonneville Power Administration, the federal agency that operates dams on the Columbia River and sells the power at cost to utilities.
Pacific Power supplies Prineville electricity from the nearby Boardman coal-fired plant.
No active commercial coal mines remain in Oregon, and the state plans to phase out the coal-fired plant in Boardman by 2020. Still, almost 40 percent of the state’s electricity comes from coal-burning power plants.
The Global Coal Market
Coal currently accounts for 28 percent of the world’s energy consumption and generates 42 percent of the world’s electrical supply. The U.S. has 28 percent of global coal reserves, but just nine export terminals — all on the East Coast. The only West Coast options are three terminals in British Columbia, but producers in the coal-rich Powder River Basin of Montana and Wyoming are thirsty for a new path to meet demand from developing nations like China.
U.S. coal consumption fell nearly 5 percent last year to just over 1 billion short tons, according to data from U.S. Energy Information Administration. It’s expected to fall another 4 percent this year to 962 million tons.
Global energy use is projected to grow by 53 percent through 2035. Rising Asian demand has prompted coal companies in Montana and Wyoming's Powder River Basin [1] to push hard for Northwest export space.
Arch Coal’s Black Thunder is the biggest mine in the Powder River Basin.
Coal Export Proposals for the Columbia River
Exporting coal to Asia from Oregon is on the front burner[2] since other West Coast facilities are at capacity and the Columbia River region is a straight shot from the Powder River Basin where the coal is, in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming. China has lots of coal - but it's up north, far from most of the industry in southern China. Half a dozen major coal export terminals have now been proposed for the Northwest. If all of the projects were built, as much as 150 million tons of coal per year could be exported from the Northwest, nearly 50 percent more than the nation’s entire coal export output last year, reports the NY Times.
| Name | Location | Tonage | Backer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cherry Point Gateway Pacific | Bellingham WA | 48 | SSA Marine |
| Port of Gray's Harbor | Aberdeen WA | 5 | Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad - Rocky Mountain coal |
| Millennium Bulk | Longview OR | 44 | Amber Energy |
| Port Westward Project | Clatskanie OR | 15 | Kinder Morgan |
| Morrow Pacific | Clatskanie OR | 8 | Amber Energy |
| Port of Coos Bay | Coos Bay OR | ? | Mitsu |
The United States uses about 1 billion tons of coal a year, with about 40 percent of the coal currently coming from the Powder River Basin. It is the single largest source of coal mined in the United States, more than twice the production of second-place West Virginia, and more than the entire Appalachian region.
The opposition group, Friends of Columbia Gorge has a Presentation that shows an overview of the coal fields in the Powder River Basin, in southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming, and the expected coal train route through the Northwest.
It's believed to be cheaper to ship coal from Montana and Wyoming to the West Coast, then across the Pacific Ocean. Last year, China imported 182 million metric tons of coal, surpassing Japan as the world's largest coal importer. That amount is more than the capacity of four existing coal terminals in Alaska and British Columbia and five proposed Pacific Northwest terminals combined — including one proposal in Longview and two near Clatskanie [3]. Still the coal export facility in Cherry Point, WA, and a coal export facility in Grey's Harbor would add an additional 10 trainloads daily to the 10 trainloads of coal bound for Longview, WA (not to mention Point Westward, Oregon). Presumably that totals more than 20 trainloads daily. With a 15 minute wait for each 1.2 mile train, coal trains would have a significant impact on vehicular traffic in the region.
A figure of one coal train a day to deliver 5 million tons a year has been used by some, but that figure requires substantiation. According to Carrix/SSA, the total number of coal train trips per day (arriving full, leaving empty) to transport 48 million tons of coal per year would be in the range of 16 to 18, reports CoalFreeGorge. If you divide 48 tons by 16 train trips, that seems to indicate 3 tons per year per train trip (coming and going).
Coal Export Proposal for Longview
Millennium Bulk Terminals, a subsidiary of Australia's Ambre Energy [4], plans to build the first major U.S. coal export terminal on the West Coast in Longview [5]. Millennium would build their coal export facility in Longview, Washington[6], and has now greatly expanded their plans[7].
Instead of shipping 5.7 million tons of coal a year, as originally proposed, it now plans for a $600 million terminal to ship 44 million tons a year, from Longview[8]. It would be the largest such coal terminal in North America, The Daily News of Longview reported on February 23, 2012. The proposed Gateway Pacific Terminal, in Cherry Point, Washington, would have a similar capacity - around 48 million tons of coal a year.
Millennium Bulk Terminals, is planning to develop a 406-acre Reynolds facility in Longview, Washington into a coal terminal, reports TDN[9]. Millennium's CEO, said he thinks projected Asian demand for coal could support "multiple" terminals on the Columbia River.
The proposed export facility [10] would ship from 5 to 60 million tons of coal to Asia annually. Five million tones is an amount said to be roughly equal to the amount of coal burned in the whole state of Washington, reports SustainableBusinessOregon [11].
The New York Times reported on Feb 4, 2012 [12], that court records show that leaders of the company planning to build the facility, now called Millennium Bulk Terminals, tried to limit what state officials knew about its long-term goals during the early permitting process last year.
The company’s initial application [13] described a facility that could export up to five million tons of coal per year. But court records show that the company hoped to greatly expand that amount in a second phase to 20 million tons or even 60 million tons annually.
Opposition groups, led by Portland-based Columbia Riverkeeper [14], have already come out against both plans, saying they're worried about the health effects of coal dust in the community and a large number of coal trains clogging vehicle traffic.
Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community [15] formed last year to protest the proposed $600 million coal terminal from Millennium Bulk Terminals at the former Reynolds Metals Co. site west of Longview [16].
Two Coal Export Proposals for Clatskanie, Oregon's Port Westward
Two giant energy companies have submitted separate proposals to develop coal export facilities at Port Westward [17]. It would be located on the Columbia, north of Clatskanie, Oregon [18], potentially making the Columbia River a major thoroughfare for transporting coal to Asia. If approved, the two projects would add more than 100 jobs.
Kinder Morgon Coal Export from Port Westward
The Kinder Morgan terminal [19] would create 80 family-wage jobs at the port, according to Patrick Trapp, director of the Port of St. Helens [20], which operates Port Westward.
Port Westward (above), on the Oregon side, is about 12 miles downriver from the proposed Longview coal export facility.
Kinder Morgan's $150 to $200 million facility at Portwestward would use coal trains (company fact sheet). It would export about 15 million tons of coal annually.
In January, 2012, The Port of St. Helens[21] approved agreements with two companies, Amber Energy and Kinder Morgan, that want to export coal to Asia from coal export facilities on the Oregon side.
Scott Learn, of the Oregonian reports[22] that the agreements with Kinder Morgan and Ambre Energy would provide construction work and up to 105 full-time jobs.
Ambre Energy/Pacific Transloading Coal Export from Port Westward
A second coal export facility, Pacific Transloading, has also been proposed for the same Port Westard location. It differs from the Kinder Morgan proposal in that it plans to barge coal to Port Westward. It would move coal on barges down the river from Port Morrow[23] in Central Oregon to ships docked at the Port Westward export facility. Pacific Transloading says it would only export about 8 million tons of coal annually.
Amber Energy says The Morrow Pacific Project will create 25 new jobs in Morrow County and 25 new jobs in Columbia County where the coal is transferred to oceangoing barges. These will be well-paying jobs, says Amber Energy, with average salaries in the range of $50,000 to $90,000.
Another Ambre subsidiary company, Millennium Bulk Logistics of Longview[25], is also the one hoping to build the Longview coal export, about 12 miles up the river, which would import coal by train (on the Washington side).
The Morrow Pacific project, being developed by Ambre Energy, would have an operational capacity of two barge-tows per day and would ship between 3.5 to 8 million metric tons with port approval. Coal would arrive on covered barges loaded upstream at the Port of Morrow[26], then directly loaded onto about 50 ocean-going ships a year.
Boardman burns 3 to 5 million tons of coal per year, according to Laura Stevens of the Sierra Club’s Beyond Coal campaign. That's a drop in the bucket to what China will need. But Pacific Transloading's parent company, Amber Energy, can't be trusted, say critics. They mislead Longview officials on the size of their Longview proposal, initially saying the export facility would only export 5.7 million tons. On September 2, 2010, Millennium filed an application with Cowlitz County to build and operate a 5.7 million ton per year facility in Longview. But the company deliberately misled officials about the size of the project. In fact, Amber Energy was planning a facility ten times that size all along - 45 million tons to 60 million tons - or more.
Coal Export from Coos Bay
In October 2011, the Port of Coos Bay [27] signed an exclusive negotiating agreement with an anonymous company interested in shipping coal from the port (document).
The Japanese conglomerate Mitsui and California-based Metro Ports are two of the key players in a bid to develop a coal export terminal with the Port of Coos Bay, EarthFix has learned. Environmental groups opposed to coal exportation have criticized the port’s refusal to disclose the names of its potential partners. Mitsui operates a major rail-car leasing business while Metro Ports is a stevedoring and terminal management company.
An engineering study found that a rail line between Coos Bay and Eugene needs about 100 million dollars worth of work before it can handle heavier train traffic. The study was paid for by anonymous investors interested in exporting coal from Coos Bay. Environmental groups have filed formal requests for records detailing the proposal. The port has said it would charge the groups thousands of dollars so that a lawyer could determine whether information is confidential or public under state law. Coal dust is one of the environmental groups concerns.
The port of Coos Bay wants to dredge more than 5 million cubic yards for an access channel and a new two-slip marine terminal on the bay's North Spit. It estimates the terminal would generate from 26 to 280 long-term jobs.
Opposition to Coal Exporting along the Columbia River
The EPA said that the Port of Morrow project has “the potential to significantly impact human health and the environment," and called for a full review of the potential impacts of exporting large amounts of coal from Wyoming and Montana to Asia.
A Sightline Institute investigation found that “500 pounds to a ton of coal can escape from a single loaded car,” using calculations by the BNSF railroad.
Oregon's governor called on federal agencies to thoroughly evaluate the environmental impacts of coal-export projects, saying the United States risks locking Asian countries into dependency on fossil fuels if it expands access to vast American coal reserves.
The Whatcom Docs – a large group of doctors in Whatcom County say increased Coal Train Traffic Could Mean Bad News For Public Health, with the effects of air pollution real and measurable.
Besides questions over the environmental impact, critics point out the terminal would snarl vehicle traffic at railroad crossings through Longview's industrial corridor.
Agreements with the Port of St. Helens were hammered out in secret, said Laura Stevens, organizer with the Sierra Club's Beyond Coal Campaign[28]. Opponents expected the commission to hear proposals from the two companies, considered publicly for the first time Jan 25, 2012, but not to vote on agreements. Instead the commissioners held a closed executive session, then endorsed the agreements that may lead to exporting coal through the port's Port Westward industrial park in Clatskanie[29].
Currently, the six proposals would export a total of 146 million tons of coal every year. This would require over 50 coal trains per day, every day, including 12 trains (6 full, 6 empty) per day through North Portland, according to Columbia Riverkeepers. According to the EPA, 8.8 million tons/yr barged to Port Westward would translate to approximately 11 trains a week to the Port of Morrow, or 22 trains (round trip) each week. That might be the equivalent of 3-4 train trips a day. The Kinder Morgan Port Westward proposal, estimated at 15 tons/yr, would be about double that of the Morrow Pacific barge Proposal, resulting in 5-8, trains, each 125 cars long, passing across Oregon highways every day, to Port Westward, say transportation critics.
According to Oregon Gov. John Kitzhaber, the coal projects would require as many as 63 coal trains a day, traveling through "choke points", and may boost Columbia River ship traffic by 70 percent.
On April 5, the EPA submitted public comments (PDF) expressed some potential red flags:
..."Transporting and transloading up to 8.8 million tons of coal with eleven trains, twelve loaded barge tows, and two Panamax ships per week has the potential to significantly impact human health and the environment"...
Railroad Issues
Kinder Morgan's $150 million to $200 million project on the Oregon side of the Columbia (pdf) would receive coal by trains, running through the Columbia Gorge. The proposed Oregon coal facility at Port Westward would use the regional Portland & Western Railroad line. Environmental groups say each 5 million tons of coal exported per year requires one mile-long train every day.
KING-5 covers The great train debateover coal facilities at Cherry Point and Longview. They say exporting 25 million tons of coal a year will require 10 trains per day.
Rainer, Oregon[30] has a single P&W track that cuts through the downtown and separates homes and businesses from the rest of the city. The tracks cross multiple streets, and speed limits force trains to creep through town. The P&W rail line goes through other communities along the Oregon side, from Portland to Clatskanie, Oregon, where Port Westward is located.
Critics say trains serving Cherry Point WA would more than double the existing rail traffic in that area. That’s before the region sees any other freight expansions, and before the region gets new passenger rail service.
Railroad improvements tend to be costly. There is good reason to worry that taxpayers—not BNSF and not the coal companies—will be asked to expand the state’s railway system to make way for coal, say critics.
BNSF is the largest transporter of low-sulfur coal in the world while Union Pacific in Oregon moves containers, primarily. Rail transport in Oregon may be significantly affected by coal trains, creating bottlenecks.
Union Pacific trains use the South side of the Columbia River. Those trains come across the Steel bridge in downtown Portland, then must cross Naito Parkway to head down river to Port Westward. Alternatively, BNSF trains come down the North side of the Gorge, on the Washington side. They can cross over to the Oregon side, West of the vehicular I-5 bridge, near the Willbridge Junction in the industrial area of Portland. There BNSF meets Portland & Western Railroad which is the line serving Port Westward, Oregon. The Washington route would seem to avoid at least one major chokepoint on Naito Parkway.
If a 15 million ton coal export terminal is built at Port Westward, it would presumably require six, mile-long train trips through Rainier daily. And that would come on top of the yet-to-be determined number of grain trains that will soon be traveling to the ethanol plant at Port Westward[31]. The 50-mile Portland & Western Railroad rail line[32] would have to undergo significant upgrades before that, Oregon Department of Transportation officials said.
Each coal train would be 125 cars long, pulled by four locomotives[33]. A 125-car train is approximate 1.34 miles long.
Kinder Morgan's planned 15 million ton Oregon facility might require 4-6 train runs a day, using the Portland & Western Railroad.
Going 15 mph, it might take 15-20 minutes minutes for each of 6 coal trains daily. Not to mention the current log trains and new trainloads now hauling grain to the new Columbia Pacific Biorefinery ethanol plant north of Clatskanie, which is restarting their operation and is also located at Port Westward.
Washington planners are developing a $200 million rail expansion plan to accommodate thousands of unit trains expected annually to go the proposed Millennium coal terminal west of Longview. It will be funded by those who will benefit from it, including Millennium, the Port of Longview[34], Weyerhaeuser Co., Longview Fibre Paper & Packaging, local governments and other industries.
Eight, mile-long trains a day would deliver coal to Longview to deliver 44 million tons of coal. Including round trips, that would mean a total of 16 trains a day would stop traffic at Third Avenue, Oregon Way, California Way and Industrial Way.
Kinder Morgan's proposed a $200 million terminal in Oregon would export about 15 million tons of coal annually by train, while Ambre Energy, planned $150 million export facility plans in Oregon would export 8 million tons of coal annually, by barge.
Ambre Energy would bring in coal by barge at the Port of Morrow[35], then unload onto ships at a new barge dock at Port Westward. Presumably, if Ambre Energy actually sticks to their plan of barging coal to Port Westward, that would cause less railroad congestion on the Oregon side.
Possible Infrastructure and Employment Benefits
Seattle-based environmental advocacy group The Sightline Institute, notes how the Port of Portland entered into a 25-year lease with a group called Pacific Coal in the 1980s to export coal to Asia. But after $25 million invested, the project was scuttled in 1983 after demand from Asia proved not to be so robust.
“The Port of Portland tried a coal export terminal in the early 1980s and it collapsed,” said Brett VandenHeuvel, executive director of Hood River environmental advocacy group Columbia Riverkeeper. “The rhetoric was exactly the same as we see today. The market shifted and they never shipped a single ounce of product.”
But officials at the Port of Portland aren’t as willing to portray the 1980s coal experiment as a failure, reports Erik Siemers in Sustainable Business Oregon.
The work on that 1980s coal terminal paved the way to what is today a thriving operation at the Port of Portland's Terminal Four, exporting Soda ash from Kinder-Morgan berth 411 Google Map. In 2009, Kinder-Morgan handled approx 2 million tons of Soda Ash.
The Port of Portland's Terminal Five, uses the rail infrastructure to export potash, brought in from Canada. Potash is a bulk commodity used in fertilizers. See: Sam Churchill's tour of Terminal 5
Neither the Port of Portland nor the Port of Vancouver (above) has expressed much enthusiasm for coal, due to cleaner, less problematic business opportunities. The Port of Vancouver celebrated 100 years in April, 2012. It has 2,127 acres that includes 800 acres of industrial facilities, more than 500 acres of land for future development and more than 100 acres of shovel-ready land.
Summary
Proponents of the coal export facilities say these are major facilities for the Northwest. They will bring new jobs and create large-scale infrastructure improvement for the Columbia River and the coast that will result in long term economic development for the whole region.
Detractors of the coal export facilities say the transportation impact and infrastructure costs will have a negative impact on the region, not to mention serious health and environmental impacts. They say if coal exports don't happen on the Columbia, China will be forced to consider alternatives because exporting from the Gulf is too expensive and Canadian ports are already at capacity.
Coal is still powering the United States:
Obama: "This is America. We figured out how to put a man on the moon in ten years. You can't tell me we can't figure out how to burn coal, that we mine right here in the United States of America, and make it work. We can do that".
Soren Wheeler of RadioLab takes us to Butte Montana, home of the Berkeley Pit. Artist Edward Burtynsky produced a documentary film called Manufactured Landscapes.
References
- ↑ Powder River Basin
- ↑ Coal Export Facilities
- ↑ Oregonian
- ↑ Amber Energy
- ↑ Port of Longview
- ↑ Millennium Bulk
- ↑ Longview Daily News: Coal Export Facilities
- ↑ Port of Longview
- ↑ Longview Daily News: Coal Export Facilities
- ↑ Longview Daily News Coal Export Facilities
- ↑ Sustainable Business Oregon
- ↑ NYT Coal Clash
- ↑ Millennium Bulk Longview
- ↑ Willamette River Keepers
- ↑ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community
- ↑ City of Longview
- ↑ Kinder Morgan: Port Westward
- ↑ City of Clatskanie
- ↑ Kinder Morgan
- ↑ Port of St Helens
- ↑ Port of St Helens
- ↑ Oregonian: Coal Export
- ↑ Port of Morrow
- ↑ Amber Energy
- ↑ Millennium Bulk: Longview
- ↑ Port of Morrow
- ↑ Port of Coos Bay
- ↑ Sierra Club's Beyond Coal Campaign
- ↑ City of Clatskanie
- ↑ City of Rainier
- ↑ Ethanol plant near Clatskanie
- ↑ Portland & Western Railroad
- ↑ Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community
- ↑ Port of Longview
- ↑ Port of Morrow
Links
- Longview Daily News: Coal Export Facilities
- Oregonian: Coal Export
- Sustainable Business Oregon
- Earth Fix
- Ecotrope
- Portland Tribune: Sustainable Life
- NYT: Coal Clash
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- Amber Energy: Columbia County
- Millennium Bulk: Longview
- Kinder Morgan: Port Westward
- Morrow Pacific: Port Westward
- Amber Energy Proposal for Port Westward/Port Morrow
- Gateway Pacific Terminal proposal for Cherry Point, Washington
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- Arch Coal
- Peabody Energy
- Cloud Peak Energy
- Sightline.org: Northwest Coal Exports
- WorkingWaterfront.org
- Carl Abbott: Portland’s Working Rivers: Their Heritage and Future
- Coal Diver
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- Landowners and Citizens for a Safe Community
- Sierra Club: Beyond Coal Campaign
- Communities for a Coal Free Gorge
- Coal Train Facts
- Coal on a Roll
- Willamette River Keepers
- Powder River Basin Resource Council
- Video on Powder River Basin
- Cherry Point Coal Opposition Video
--
--
- Port of Morrow
- Port of Portland
- Port of Vancouver
- Port of Longview
- Port of St Helens
- Port of Kalama
- Port of Astoria
- Port of Coos Bay
--
NEXT: Natural Gas in Oregon
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