Green industry: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Portland.solar.jpg|thumb|300px|Regional solar and electronics companies.]]
[[File:Portland.solar.jpg|thumb|300px|Regional solar and electronics companies.]]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics Crystalline silicon panels]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics Crystalline silicon panels]</ref>, like those made by industry leader [http://www.solarworld.com SolarWorld in Hillsboro, Oregon]<ref>[http://www.solarworld.com SolarWorld in Hillsboro, Oregon]</ref>, dominate [http://www.pvcycle.org/index.php?id=7 90% of the industry today]<ref>[http://www.pvcycle.org/index.php?id=7 90% of the industry today]</ref>. Silicon prices have dropped recently, making traditional [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon Monocrystalline silicon]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon Monocrystalline silicon]</ref> more competitive, on a cost per watt basis, although competition from China is a constant worry.   
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics Crystalline silicon panels]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics Crystalline silicon panels]</ref>, like those made by industry leader [http://www.solarworld.com SolarWorld in Hillsboro, Oregon]<ref>[http://www.solarworld.com SolarWorld in Hillsboro, Oregon]</ref>, dominate [http://www.pvcycle.org/index.php?id=7 90% of the industry today]<ref>[http://www.pvcycle.org/index.php?id=7 90% of the industry today]</ref>. Silicon prices have dropped recently, making traditional [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon Monocrystalline silicon]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon Monocrystalline silicon]</ref> more competitive, on a cost per watt basis, although competition from China is a constant worry.   
Monocrystalline is the most efficient, which makes it well matched for the limited area available on homes and businesses. Cadmium telluride costs less, but is less efficient, so it's often used on utility scale projects with lots of real estate. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide is flexible, with medium efficiency and is often used in panels integrated with buildings or roofs.


The Portland region is positioning itself to be a production center for all three major photovoltaic technologies; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics Crystalline silicon]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics Crystalline silicon]</ref>, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics Cadmium Telluride]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics Cadmium Telluride]</ref> and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide Copper Indium Gallium Selenide]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide Copper Indium Gallium Selenide]</ref>.  
The Portland region is positioning itself to be a production center for all three major photovoltaic technologies; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics Crystalline silicon]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics Crystalline silicon]</ref>, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics Cadmium Telluride]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics Cadmium Telluride]</ref> and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide Copper Indium Gallium Selenide]<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide Copper Indium Gallium Selenide]</ref>.  

Revision as of 21:42, 13 March 2011

Green industry in Portland and Oregon

NOTE Utility-scale, alternative power in Oregon and Portland, solar and wind energy providers, and green building leadership in Portland are overviewed here, but many smaller "green" or sustainable-focused firms have not (yet) been listed or described.

Introduction

Oregon and Portland is becoming a green energy hub, [1][2] with utility scale energy generation using Wind, Solar and Wave, investments in electric car charging infrastructure, batteries and inverter technology, and a green building hub providing leadership nationwide.

Sustainable Utility Power in Oregon

Oregon's legislature passed a law in 2007 that requires utilities to get at least 25 percent of Oregon's power from renewable sources by 2025.[3] For 10 years beginning March 2002, through Oregon's Renewable Resource Programs[4], Portland General Electric (PGE) and Pacific Power customers pay a 3 percent charge on their monthly bills for conservation and renewable resource programs under Oregon's electric industry restructuring law. About 17 percent of the funds, estimated at $10 million to $13 million per year, are for projects that generate electricity from renewable resources. The Energy Trust of Oregon[5] administers the funds. Its goal for renewable resources is that they supply 10 percent of the state's electricity needs by 2012, an eight-fold increase.

Oregon energy usage chart
Oregon energy usage chart
The Pacific Intertie: The high voltage DC line connecting Oregon to Los Angeles.

The U.S. is on a trajectory to generate 20% of the nation’s electricity from wind energy by 2030.[6] Wind and solar can be cheaper than hydro, nukes or coal,[7] but renewables have more variables (like sun and wind) and can't store power (like a dam), or deliver on-demand power (like fossil fuel, hydro or nuclear). The U.S. spends about $1 billion a day importing oil, which is now over $100 a barrel[8], according to Energy Secretary Steven Chu[9].

Power companies are provided with incentives by the federal government to get off dirty coal, often used to generate electricity, or natural gas, which is a limited resource. Dams are excellent power generators, but the Columbia River is nearly tapped out. Fishing issues and river transportation are also problematic.

The Dalles Dam[10], constructed by the federal government in 1957, is one of the largest "renewable" energy sources. It produces close to 1,800 megawatts of hydro power. The Grand Coulee Dam[11] is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States and fifth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world (2008), producing 6.8 Megawatts. The Pacific DC Intertie[12], on Bonneville's grid[13], connects to Los Angeles with a line capacity of 3,100 megawatts.

Reducing dependency on foreign oil is a major thrust. So is attracting dollars. The Federal Department of Energy, the State of Oregon and Portland aim to provide leadership in "green energy" and become a hub for sustainable innovations. Oregon is an energy exporter, through Bonneville, and tied into the grid. We also have the Pacific Ocean, wind, and semi-conductor expertise for solar.

But the huge Shepherds Flat wind farm raises big questions about state, federal subsidies[14], reported the Oregonian in a big, three part investigative report, beginning on Mar 13, 2011.

Proposed Shepard's Flat Wind Farm; graphic from BPA.
Proposed Shepard's Flat Wind Farm; graphic from BPA.

The Shepherds Flat wind farm[15] (BPA docs[16]), which may be the world's largest wind farm when it's completed in a couple of years, shows how Oregon provides millions of dollars to projects that would probably go forward without state subsidies, says the Oregonian.

The Department of Energy claims subsidies are essential to kick start home-grown sustainable power while the state of Oregon claims large subsidized projects can create a "hub", attracting many smaller supporting industries that will improve our economic outlook. The U.S. DOE announced a $1.3 billion loan guarantee[17], in Dec, 2010, to support Shepard's Flat.

It's a loan from the DOE, not a subsidy. That an important difference, advocates of wind power[18] might argue.

Similar kinds of incentives were made for SoloPower[19], a solar panel startup. That company was granted a $197 million loan guarantee by the DOE[20]. The company has raised nearly $13.5 million in capital and landed a $52 million venture round[21]. SoloPower says it will invest up to $340 million and bring as many as 500 jobs[22] to its new manufacturing plant in Wilsonville.

There is no question, however, that the State of Oregon IS subsidizing sustainable and "green" industry in a very big way, at the same time that tax dollars for basic services are being cut.

Solar and Nuclear costs compared; From Phoenix Sun.
Solar and Nuclear costs compared; From Phoenix Sun.

Grid parity[23] has been reached in Hawaii, where electricity costs around $.30 per Kilowatt hour (it's less then $.10 in Oregon). Most of the US is expected to reach grid parity by 2015, says Wikipedia. Grid Parity is when renewable energy costs are equivalent to non-renewables such as coal or oil.

A low-carbon economy[24] is generally regarded as essential for maintaining life as we know it. The goal:Zero carbon emissions globally by 2050 [25]. Nathan Myhrvold[26], CEO of Intellectual Ventures[27], has invested in a nuclear-power reactor can burn depleted uranium as fuel[28]. In a sweeping interview with The Wall Street Journal, he says no current technology offers a silver bullet solution[29] to energy needs and global warming.

Wind Farms in Oregon

Sampling of wind-related companies in Portland Metro area.

PGE[30], the state's largest utility, hopes to shut down the state's only coal-fired power plant 20 years earlier[31] than planned. PGE has natural gas and coal-fired power plants in Boardman and has proposed one or two additional natural gas plants there, if it closes its Boardman coal plant to meet haze-reduction rules or avoid carbon taxes[32]. The 585-megawatt coal fired plant[33] provides enough electricity to serve about 250,000 residential customers. The Vestas[34] V90 is a 3.0 MW wind turbine, so over 200 would be required to produce similar power. But only when the wind is blowing.

About 4 percent of PGE's energy comes from wind farms[35] — mostly the Biglow Canyon Wind Farm[36], plus power PGE purchases on contract from the Klondike II[37] and Vansycle Ridge[38] wind farms. The Stateline Wind Farm[39] runs along the Columbia River[40].

Wind turbines near MaryHill, photo by Sam Churchill
Wind turbines near MaryHill, photo by Sam Churchill
Windfarms along the Columbia River
Windfarms along the Columbia River

Iberdrola Renewables[54], headquartered in Portland, Oregon, is the second largest provider[55] of wind in the country has 41 wind farms in the United States with an installed capacity of 3,877 megwatts[56], enough to power close to 1 million average U.S. households. Klondike Wind Power[57], a subsidiary of Iberdrola Renewables, sells power to the Bonneville Power Administration[58].

Sales of small wind turbines[59] (100 kilowatts and less) in the U.S. grew from 2,100 units in 2001 to 9,800 units in 2009 (peak has been 10,386 in 2008), according to the American Wind Energy Association[60]. Electrical power is relatively cheap in Oregon (7 cents a kilowatt hour, compared to 29 cents in Hawaii) so often Oregonians who buy small wind turbines, especially for homes, aren't trying to save money but rather to invest in renewable energy and/or attain some energy independence.

Xzeres[61], a small-wind turbine manufacturer, is in Wilsonville. Oregon Wind's small vertical Helyx[62] is designed and manufactured in Portland, using locally sourced recycled materials.

As of November 2010[63], the two largest wind farms are in Texas; the 781.5 MW Roscoe Wind Farm[64] is the largest in the world, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center[65] at 735.5 MW. The largest wind farm under construction is the 800 MW Alta Wind Energy Center[66] in California. The largest proposed project is the 10,000 MW Gansu Wind Farm[67] in China.

Solar Power in Oregon

The U.S. solar power industry grew 67 percent to $6 billion in 2010[68], up from $3.8 billion in 2009, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association[69].

Regional solar and electronics companies.

Crystalline silicon panels[70], like those made by industry leader SolarWorld in Hillsboro, Oregon[71], dominate 90% of the industry today[72]. Silicon prices have dropped recently, making traditional Monocrystalline silicon[73] more competitive, on a cost per watt basis, although competition from China is a constant worry.

Monocrystalline is the most efficient, which makes it well matched for the limited area available on homes and businesses. Cadmium telluride costs less, but is less efficient, so it's often used on utility scale projects with lots of real estate. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide is flexible, with medium efficiency and is often used in panels integrated with buildings or roofs.

The Portland region is positioning itself to be a production center for all three major photovoltaic technologies; Crystalline silicon[74], Cadmium Telluride[75] and Copper Indium Gallium Selenide[76].

Thin-film technology has proved challenging to commercialize[77], although both major thin film technologies; Cadmium telluride[78] and CIGS[79] seem posed to provide a more streamlined production process, lowering costs.

Cadmium telluride panel[80] manufacturers, like Solexant[81], in Greham, Oregon, claims they can manufacture solar panels for less than $1 per watt, while Startup CIGs developer SoloPower[82] is is said to be eyeing Wilsonville for a manufacturing plant[83].

Whether thin films will represent a huge shift in energy economics[84] remains to be seen.

Solar World sign; From Sustainable Oregon Business.
Solar World sign; From Sustainable Oregon Business.

Some of the Photovoltaic players in the Portland region include:

  • SolarWorld[85], the largest manufacturer of solar panels in the United States. The company unveiled its 210,000-square-foot addition[86] to its Hillsboro, Ore., manufacturing plant in 2010. It is now the only monocrystalline solar manufacturing plant in the United States to produce every phase of solar panel manufacturing. SolarWorld will collaborate develop a 11.6-megawatt solar system[87] with the LA Department of Water and Power, using more than 46,000 solar modules on the 42-acre site. SolarWorld has been supported partly by tax incentives from the city of Hillsboro, the state of Oregon and the US government via the Recovery Act. SolarWorld Group has its main manufacturing operations in Hillsboro and in Freiburg, Germany.
  • SANYO Solar[88], claims to manufacturer the world’s most efficient solar panels, and has opened a monocrystalline growing facility in Salem, Ore[89]. The plant, spanning 130,000-square-feet at the Salem Renewable Energy and Technology Center and employing 200 highly skilled workers, represents an investment by SANYO of more than $84 million. Sanyo Solar grows crystals in Salem and slices them into wafers, which Japanese workers make into cells that go into panels in Japan, Hungary or Mexico.
SoloPower Flexible CIGS solar module.
SoloPower Flexible CIGS solar module.

Advanced Energy Systems[103] is the leading commercial solar integrator in Oregon, with commercial solar energy systems for Lewis and Clark College, ODOT, Kettle Foods, Pepsi-Cola, and other Oregon businesses.

Oregon Solar Highway project by I-5 and 217
Oregon Solar Highway project by I-5 and 217

The nation’s first Solar Highway project[104] (right) started feeding electricity into Portland's electricity grid on Dec. 19, 2008. PGE’s “Oregon Solar Highway”[105] is a 100kW system that contains about 8,000 square feet of solar panels extending about the length of two football fields. It incorporates SolarWorld silicon PV array and the Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems[106] (SEGIS), a DOE program to develop photovoltaic (PV) systems that seamlessly integrate into the distribution and transmission grid. The site doesn't store electricity - it just sells "green power" back to PGE.

Urban solar systems - with lots of grid power available - often skip expensive and troublesome battery storage. Power companies, provided with incentives to get off dirty coal, are willing to buy wind and solar generated power.

The SuNRISE lab contains $1 million of state-of-the-art equipment to analyze solar cells[107] on the University of Oregon campus in Eugene. Solar is cheaper than nuclear energy[108], according to Duke University[109]. iSuppli predicts that around 13.6 GW of PV will be installed this year[110].

Microinverters[111] can be installed on each panel to eliminate the "Christmas light" effect, where shadow on one panel can kill a serial-connected string. With microinverters, each panel outputs 110 volts AC. If one panel is in shadow it does not effect the output of other panels. Enphase[112] has pioneered this technique and offers online monitoring of your installation[113] - here's a 4.81 kW solar array in Portland[114].

PV Powered[115], based in Bend, goes the opposite route, offering utility-scale inverters such as their 260kW, 97% efficient[116] commercial inverter.

Teanaway Solar Reserve[117] announced plans for a 75-megawatt plant made up of 400,000 photovoltaic panels[118], 4 miles North of Cle Elum, Washington[119], near Ellensburg.

Solar map of the United States from National Renewable Energy Labratory.
Solar map of the United States from National Renewable Energy Labratory.

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory[120] has solar maps of the United States. Oregon may be a good place to make solar panels, but our sunshine pales compared to America's Southwest. According to three industry experts[121], though 13 percent of power generated in Oregon comes from wind and solar, solar makes up less than one percent of the mix, or less than one tenth of one percent of the state's total energy picture.

The Obama administration plans to fast-track utility-scale solar projects on BLM “solar energy zones” in six western states. But Oregon didn’t make the list[122], so any projects proposed on Bureau of Land Management land here – in southeast Oregon, for example – will have to go through a longer permitting process.

The largest solar power installation in the world[123] include the 48-MW Copper Mountain Solar Facility in Nevada[124], finished on Dec 1st, 2010, now the largest PV plant in the United States. More than 350 construction workers installed 775,000 First Solar panels that power the plant on the 380-acre site. Power from the Copper Mountain Solar Facility[125] (and the adjacent 10 MW El Dorado Solar Power Plant) has been sold to Pacific Gas & Electric under separate 20-year contracts. The completion of the project eclipsed the 20-MW DeSoto PV plant in Arcadia Florida, which was the previous record holder for the largest U.S. solar power plant.

NRG Energy[126] recently bought the 290-megawatt (MW) Agua Caliente solar project[127] in Arizona. The project, scheduled to be completed by 2014, is expected to be the largest operational photovoltaic (PV) site in the world.

The Obama administration has approved a thousand-megawatt, $6 billion solar project in California[128] on federal land, spread over 7,000 acres. Solar panels, to be competitive without government subsidies, will have to cost $1 per watt says the DOE[129], the same cost of coal-based generation. It's estimated the solar industry will get to $2 per watt within the next five years[130], though currently large-scale solar systems still cost between $3 and $4 per watt (installed).

The Department of Energy announced a $27 million research program to slash the cost of solar power by 75 percent in 10 years[131], making utility-scale solar the same or cheaper as fossil fuel-generated electricity. Right now solar costs as low as $1/watt to manufacture, but $4 installed. If it gets down to $1 per watt, it's comparable to or lower than other sources of generating electricity. A coal plant has an operational cost of $2.10 per watt.

In Germany, the industry boomed after the Renewable Energy Act in 2000[132], which guarantees investors above-market fees for solar power for 20 years from the point of installation. Germany added 7 gigawatts (GW) of capacity in a record-breaking year in 2010 to bring the total to nearly 17 GW, equal to 17 large power plants.

Wave Power

Wave Power[133] captures the horizontal and vertical movements of tides and waves to generate energy. Wave energy[134] can harness both ocean waves and strong sub-surface currents to generate electricity. One advantage of wave power is that, unlike sunshine or wind, it may have the potential to generate power, 24/7. The United States has committed $200 million in federal funds toward wave energy technology[135] , from 2008 through 2012.

The nation's first commercial wave-energy farm[136], designed by Ocean Power Technologies[137], is now underway off the Oregon coast. Once fully deployed, the $60 million system is expected to have a capacity of 1.5 megawatts[138] — about half that of a single giant wind turbine - though waves should produce power around the clock. Surfpower[139] and Renewable Energy Research have expressed an interest in exploring their options in Oregon[140] , according to Oregon Wave Energy Trust[141] .

Ocean power technologies Wave Energy Plan for Reedsport
Ocean power technologies Wave Energy Plan for Reedsport

Ocean Power Technologies[142] is close to getting a license to build a wave energy plant off the coast of Oregon[143]. The New Jersey-based company has signed a settlement agreement that includes over 11 government agencies, and several private companies, to develop a 150 kW wave energy station[144] . When completed the plant will consist of 10 PowerBuoys that could generate enough electricity to power 1,000 homes annually, according to Ocean Power. A 10-Megawatt OPT power station[145] would occupy approximately 30 acres (0.125 square kilometers) of ocean space.

Ocean-power-technologies Wave Energy Generator for Reedsport
Ocean-power-technologies Wave Energy Generator for Reedsport

The first buoy will measure 150 feet tall by 40 feet wide, weigh 200 tons and cost $4 million. Nine more buoys are planned to deploy near Reedsport, Ore., by 2012, at a total cost of $60 million. Ocean Power Technologies has contracted with Oregon Iron Works[146] to build the buoys. Clusters of buoys would cover a five-mile stretch, north to south, less than three miles from shore.

Ocean Power Technology wave power turbine

Grays Harbor Ocean Energy[147] plans an offshore wave energy generation platform in shallow coastal waters 2.8 miles off of the Washington towns of Westport and Ocean Shores in Grays Harbor of Washington state.

Whether or not wave energy facilities should be sited inside the newly proposed marine reserves off the Oregon coast is currently a hotly debated topic[148] . The trick is to tap the benefits of a new industry without spoiling ocean habitats, economic livelihoods and recreational playgrounds[149] . Off shore energy policy[150] is still being worked out. No state agency in the U.S has ever permitted a wave energy project[151] .

A wave-power device from another company, Finavera[152] , sank off the Oregon coast two years ago.

Other Oregon wave energy players include Aquamarine[153] , a Scottish company with a technology called The Oyster with an office in Newport, a Scandinavian company, Floating Power Plant, Norway’s Wave Energy A/S[154] in Tillamook looking at a jetty-based device, and a possible Texas-based[155] startup called Neptune Wave Power[156].

The Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center[157] is a partnership between OSU and UW. OSU focuses on wave energy. UW focuses on tidal energy[158]. Both universities collaborate with each other and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory[159].

Oregon Wave Energy Trust[160] is a nonprofit public-private partnership funded by the Oregon Innovation Council.

Pacific Energy Ventures[161] (Portland, Oregon) will build a Protocol Framework for identifying, collecting and comparing environmental data relevant to offshore renewable energy projects Oregon Wave Trust[162] is designed to serve as a connector for all stakeholders involved in wave energy project development.

Electric Cars

The U.S. has lurched from different transportation energy policies[163] in the past several years, favoring fuel cells and then biofuels and now electrification and hydrogen. How far electrification will go is still unclear. Electric vehicles will reduce green house gases and dependence on foreign oil say advocates.

Oregon is coordinating many activities to facilitate successful, widespread deployment of plug-in vehicles[164], reports the Department of Energy. In 2004, Oregon's strategy for greenhouse gas reduction report[165] showed that motor vehicles accounted for more than one-third of Oregon's GHG emissions.

Arcimoto electric vehicle
Arcimoto electric vehicle

There are 40 companies building either electric vehicles or component parts[166], says Drive Oregon[167]. Oregon-made electric vehicles[168] include Arcimoto[169] Brammo[170], Ryno Motors[171], Green Lite Motors[172], MotoCzysz[173] as well as EV Charging Station manufacturers Shorepower[174] and Optimization Technologies[175]. Charging overnight, at non-peak times, helps balance demands on the grid and grid energy storage[176] may help demand spikes.

Chevrolet Volt

The Nissan Leaf[177], an all electric car[178], is being tested in Portland, as are Chevrolet Volt[179] and Ford's Focus Electric[180]. Plug-in hybrids[181] have much smaller batteries, running perhaps 10-40 miles on electricity before using a gas engine.

Chevrolet's Volt[182] (right) is a plug-in hybrid, since it is not 100% battery powered. It goes about 40 miles on batteries. The best selling Toyota Prius[183] uses a conventional gas engine but runs on a small battery for the first 4-6 miles. The plug-in hybrid Prius[184] has a bigger battery with a 12 mile range. It can be recharged by plugging them in. That's cheaper than using the car's gas-powered generator to charge them up. Zip Car in Oregon is now offering two plug-in Prius cars for $7/hr.

Electric vehicle charge stations within 100 miles of downtown Portland
Electric vehicle charge stations within 100 miles of downtown Portland

Both the ground breaking Nissan Leaf[185] and the eStar will be limited to a 100 mile range on their Lithium Ion batteries[186]. The Leaf runs only on batteries. When it's out of juice, it's dead. The Nissan Leaf costs $33,000 (before rebates), and has been described as a $16,500 subcompact car that costs double that thanks to a battery estimated to cost $16,500. The Navistar eStar[187], an electric truck, will sell for $150,000 and totes a battery estimated to cost nearly $75,000.

Washington State's electric highway project

Oregon's Electric Vehicle Charging Network[188] is extending electric car charging stations along the I-5 corridor. It costs only $2-$3 to charge up an all electric car. Electric vehicles keep oil money in the country and may develop a new industry based on innovation - or so the thinking goes.

ECOtality's Fast chargers[189] are available in Portland and Eugene, south to the California border creating a system of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations along the entire length of Interstate 5 in Oregon.

Washington State's Electric Highway project[190] (right), aims to provide enough charge stations to enable longer range traveling. Today's electric cars, typically run out of juice around 100 miles after topped off.

EV4Oregon.com[191] combines Solarworld panels, with Enphase microinverters, battery storage and 220 volt utility feeds to create Electric Vehicle carports that offers Level 1 (30 minute charging) without the expense of a 440 volt line drop[192]. The system claims a 20-minute electric vehicle charging capability by combining battery and 220 volt line power.

The City of Hillsboro is the first in the State of Oregon to install Coulomb Technologies[193] Level II ChargePoint Networked Charging Stations[194] for plug-in and electric vehicles. Thirteen Level II charging stations are now installed in downtown Hillsboro[195] at their new green intermodal transit facility. Portland-based Shorepower Technologies[196] is currently deploying Electrified Parking Spaces[197] (EPS) across North America.

PGE installed the first publicly available fast charger in the United States in the summer of 2010 in its parking garage in downtown Portland. NEC's Takasago Rapid Charging Station[198] complies with the CHAdeMO[199] EV charging standard, and comes in 50kW and 20kW capacities[200] for 15-30 minute charging. A 20 minute quick charger[201] might utilize a 45-kilowatt photovoltaic carport[202].

Zinc-Air Battery from ReVolt
Zinc-Air Battery from ReVolt

ReVolt[203], with headquarters in Portland, is developing Zinc-Air batteries[204]. Lithium-air[205] is said to be the dream battery. Electric vehicles are anticipated to have a range of 200 to 400 miles in the foreseeable future. Cost/effective batteries, with 2-3 times the present capacity, may largely resolve many range anxiety issues by allowing overnight charging.

A Denmark battery company[206], Lithium Balance[207], has its eye on Portland as a potential U.S. headquarters. They build lithium batteries for industrial, military and consumer vehicles.

Large scale Lithium Battery Pack for electric vehicles
Large scale Lithium Battery Pack for electric vehicles

Lithium Balance hopes to make large Lithion Ion cells. Today, most battery packs are made from small cells, about the size of "D" batteries, in order to make them safer. The Prius Plug in and Hybrid uses NiMH batteries while the The Nissan Leaf uses a 24 kW/hr lithium-ion battery of their own design.

Battery powered electric cab
Battery powered electric cab

The Oregon Electric Vehicle Association[208] gathers true believers while the WestCoastGreenHighway[209] has the latest on charging stations..

Inverters and Electronics

Founded in 2003, PV Powered, based in Bend, designs and manufactures inverters, devices which convert the direct current produced by solar panels into the alternating current supplied by electric utilities. Proponents of micro-inverters believe the technology makes the system more reliable, smarter, and efficient by increasing energy harvesting through optimal MPPT at the module level. Enphase has pioneered this technique and offers online monitoring of your installation. Enecsys 240W micro-inverters are the first without electrolytic capacitors to achieve UL certification. The company claims their 240 watt inverter has an operating life expectancy of greater than 25 years, matching that of solar PV modules.

Alternative Energy Financing

The Oregon Department of Energy has released information about the 2011 application process for the Business Energy Tax Credit. Applications for the next round of "Tier 1" credits opens Jan 3, 2011. For this category, there is $15 million in tax credits available for projects with an estimated cost of less than $500,000.

SolarCity's financing options let homeowners and businesses in Beaverton, for example, switch to solar power with little or no up-front investment; power is sold directly to the utility.

SolarCity expanded its presence in Oregon, offering a lease program to customers of Portland General Electric and Pacific Power. It virtually eliminate upfront costs, allowing homeowners to get rooftop solar panels for as little as $20 per month. The new rules allow customers who choose to lease their solar systems to receive the residential tax credit (RETC) that was previously only available to customers that purchased solar systems. SolarCity then sells the "green" power directly to power companies. The Oregon DOE has details.

A new report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) examines feed-in tariffs (FITs). The policy is known for spurring dramatic growth of renewable energy in Europe during the past decade.

Terry Gross explains Cap and Trade, which allows businesses that go over their carbon "budget" to buy "credits" from business who use less then their allowance of "carbon offsets".

Beaverton's 1000 watt array illustrates how to figure your typical power generation, then compare it with your power bill and total solar installation costs. Grape Solar’s kits retail for 25-30K and provide all the power for an average middle-class home. They're out of Eugene. Without subsidies, which can amount to 75% of the cost, solar has a ways to go to reach parity in the home.

The Treasury Grant Program (TGP) for renewable energy projects was passed in mid December 2010. It extends the cash payment of up to 30% of equipment costs in place of the Investment Tax Credit. The grant program was responsible for a large portion of the renewable energy projects built throughout the U.S. in 2010. Originally passed as part of the 2009 stimulus package, it was supposed to expire at the end of December.

The American Wind Energy Association projected a loss of tens of thousands of wind jobs in 2011 without an extension of the TGP while the Solar Energy Industries Association said the grant program spurred over 1,100 solar projects and $18 billion dollars of investment in 2010.

The power system requires that generation of electricity perfectly matches the amount consumed at all times but wind farms can create excess power, causing waste or environmental impact. Portland General Electric in the next two years plans to install batteries from Ener1 to supply enough juice to power 400 homes in Salem for about an hour. The Electric Storage Association has more on energy storage technologies.

Coal Fired Power

Coal. The United States is the Saudi Arabia of coal. We've got more coal than just about anybody. Half the electricity generated in the United States comes from coal. Today, more than 90 percent of the coal used in America goes to make electricity, according to an NPR documentary on coal.

NPR Radioworks documentary on coal
NPR Radioworks documentary on coal

But coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the atmosphere, causing climate change. It interferes with groundwater and water table levels. It causes acid rain and has a host of other issues.

Global CO2 Emissions
Global CO2 Emissions

In the Northwest, we're lucky to not be dependent on coal. But it's cheap and plentiful. Coal is not going away.

The coal pie
The coal pie
Normalized energy prices

Coal plants generate power for three cents a kilowatt hour. "Clean coal" isn't a type of coal but a process to clean it up, capturing particulates and green-house emitting carbon dioxide. It's expensive.

Clean coal costs 6 cents a kilowatt hour.

Most renewable projects, like wind and solar, are in the range of 15 to 20 cents a kilowatt hour.

In the United States, electricity generation accounts for nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, the largest of any source.

Millenium Bulk Logistics is backtracking – though not giving up – on its China coal export facility in Longview, WA. China has lots of coal - but it's up north. It's believed to be cheaper to ship coal from Utah and Montana to Longview, then across the Pacific Ocean. The proposed export facility would ship 5 million tons of coal to Asia annually, an amount said to be roughly equal to the amount of coal burned in the whole state of Washington, reports SustainableBusinessOregon. Millennium, a subsidiary of Australia's Ambre Energy, plans to build the first major U.S. export terminal on the West Coast in Longview.

Boardman coal fired power plant
Boardman coal fired power plant

The Boardman coal-fired plant accounts for 15 percent of the power provided by PGE, Oregon's largest electric utility. Pacific Power's share of coal is 40%, according to Washington State's online reports (pdf).

Facebook’s data center in Prineville, Oregon is receiving a “green” backlash since its electric utility, Pacific Power, will likely be getting most of its power from a coal-powered generator in Boardman, Oregon.

Boardman coal field
Boardman coal field

The company avoided tiered energy rates, due to a formula used by the Bonneville Power Administration, the federal agency that operates dams on the Columbia River and sells the power at cost to utilities. Pacific Power will get most of its electricity from the nearby Boardman coal-fired plant.

Coal is still powering the United States:

Obama: "This is America. We figured out how to put a man on the moon in ten years. You can't tell me we can't figure out how to burn coal, that we mine right here in the United States of America, and make it work. We can do that".

Soren Wheeler of RadioLab takes us to Butte Montana, home of the Berkeley Pit. Artist Edward Burtynsky produced a documentary film called Manufactured Landscapes.

Geothermal Power

Geothermal comes from the Greek words meaning earth heat, explains the Oregon Department of Energy.

There is no generation of electricity from geothermal sources within the state of Oregon. However, there are several sites where geological data suggest a resource sufficient for power generation may exist. The potential for production of electricity from Oregon´s geothermal resources has been explored at three sites in Oregon. The DOE in February finalized a $96.8 million loan guarantee to U.S. Geothermal to support their geothermal power project in Malheur County, Eastern Oregon.

The city of Klamath Falls uses geothermal energy directly to supply heat for a district heating system. Geothermal heat sources in several other Oregon counties supply heat to buildings, swimming pools, resorts and industrial uses.

Port of Portland building - note geothermal pipes
Port of Portland building - note geothermal pipes

The Port of Portland headquarters is Gold certified and uses geothermal pipes to suppliment heating (above)

Green Buildings

The U.S. Green Building Council is a non-profit working to make green buildings available to everyone and has a list of green buildings.

The City of Portland adopted a green building policy and funded a Green Building Initiative, which is designed to expand market demand and provide technical services and resources for the building industry. The Portland Office of Planning and Sustainability promotes sustainability principles and practices.

The Portland-based International Living Building Institute administers Living Building Challenge, a performance standard more ecologically rigorous than the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum rating.

LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, was started in 2000 and initially was used in the construction of office buildings. The LEED for Homes program is tailored to the needs of single-family construction. Cascadia Green Building Council lists Some LEED buildings around the Portland region. Green building represents a nearly $50 billion industry in the United States and is projected to grow significantly.

Portland State Proposed Sustainability Center
Portland State Proposed Sustainability Center

The Oregon Sustainability Center (above), planned for the Portland State campus, is aiming for triple net-zero performance in energy, water and carbon emissions.

Vestas, the world’s largest wind turbine maker, will convert the former Myer and Frank warehouse in Portland, into its new North American headquarters. It will be designed by Gerding Edlen and is shooting for LEED Platinum. Gerding Edlen has been a pioneer in green building development with dozens of Platinum and Gold certified buildings in Portland.

The Smart Grid

The Smart Grid is an enhancement to the power grid that delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way communications to control appliances. When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected appliances. A Home Area Network ties into the "smart meter", using powerline or RF standards such as ZigBee, INSTEON, Zwave, WiFi and others.

The Smart Grid
The Smart Grid

The $178 million Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration Project is one of 16 regional smart grid demonstration awards announced by DOE in the fall of 2010. It contains key functions of the future smart grid. The project team will install equipment and technology now through mid-2012. Then, for about the next two years, project leaders will gather data on smart grid performance.

PGE's Smart Meter

PGE’s new system is a two-way wireless fixed network. It features 46 collectors positioned throughout a 4,000-square-mile service territory. By September, 2010, PGE had rolled nearly 700,000 meters for automated reading. PGE's advanced metering infrastructure, was purchased from Sensus Metering.

According to Venture Beat, there's a battle of standards between companies such as SmartSynch, promoting public network communications, and those endorsing private networks, such as Trilliant and Silver Spring to connect the Smart meter to the power company. There's also a battle of standards to connect devices inside the home.

The Smart Grid Interoperability Panel, a public-private group, has voted for a new standard for two-way data communications between utilities and their customers, recently, bringing the next-generation "smart" electrical power grid a step closer to reality.

Pacific NW National Lab Infrastructure Operation Center near Hanford
Pacific NW National Lab Infrastructure Operation Center near Hanford

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, near Richland, will manage PGE's "Smart Meter" project at their Electricity Infrastructure Operation Center. A smart electrical power grid could decrease annual electric energy use and utility sector carbon emissions at least 12 percent by 2030, according to a report from PNNL.

Solar Projects

Portland's Climate Action Plan includes a directive to purchase or generate 100 percent of electricity for city operations from renewable sources, with at least 15 percent of that generated on-site or in-district using renewable energy sources such as solar and bio gas.

The City of Portland’s Solar America Cities project will pursue solar market transformation for Portland residents, businesses, and city operations. Project partners work with other city bureaus to streamline city-level regulations for contractors, homeowners, and businesses. The city will use its influence as a regulator, educator, and motivator to reach the larger regional community.

Portland has partnered with Solar America Communities and started their own, “Solar Now!” organization. People in the community are volunteering their time to help bring solar into as many homes as possible. Solarize Portland provides information to Portland residents on who to hire, what to buy, and what to budget.

Portland Water Bureau Meter Shop has a 12 KW solar array, the largest system entirely owned by the City of Portland. Portland’s solar-powered parking meters were supposed to lower maintenance costs of jammed coin operated meters while maximizing income. Solar panels were installed on the south façade and roof of Brewery Blocks Building #4 in Portland's Pearl District.

Vernier Software produces 19,000 KW hours each year and helps to educate the community about solar energy through their website www.vernier.com/solar. Lucky Labrador Brewing installed solar panels to heat the water during the brewing process for a total cost of $4,460 after all of the tax credits. Now they have broken even with their install costs and are saving an additional $1,560 per year in gas costs.

Intel solar arrays in Hillsboro
Intel solar arrays in Hillsboro

Intel has three, 400 kilowatt solar arrays in Hillsboro. Already the nation's largest buyer of green power, Intel plans to buy 2.5 billion kilowatt hours of renewable energy credits this year, a 75 percent increase over 2010. Intel last year completed eight solar energy projects at its plants in four states. Among them were two 400-kilowatt systems atop raised support structures within the parking lots of its Jones Farm and Ronler Acres campuses in Hillsboro.

Ethanol and Biodiesel

The United States is the world's largest producer of ethanol fuel since 2005 Wikipedia. The U.S. produced 10.6 billion U.S. liquid gallons of ethanol fuel in 2009, and together with Brazil, both countries accounted for 89% of the world's production in that year. Ethanol fuel is mainly used in the U.S. as an oxygenate to gasoline in the form of low-level blends, and to a lesser extent, as fuel for E85 flex-fuel vehicles. Most ethanol fuel in the U.S. is produced using corn as feedstock.

Ethanol Plant on Columbia
Ethanol Plant on Columbia

The Cascade Grain Products ethanol plant in Clatskanie (above), out of bankruptcy, sat dormant for nearly two years. Now the new owner hopes to attract a buyer for a working ethanol plant. Cascade Grain filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January, just seven months after it opened the Clatskanie plant, the state’s largest ethanol production facility.

Corn ethanol, widely tooted as a viable alternative energy approach ten years ago, has not achieved the success its backers hoped. The costs of producing corn ethanol were high, it required too much land and the benefits were slim.

Cellulosic ethanol has one ingredient that Oregon has plenty of -- wood. It is now being examined as a competitive energy resource, but currently it requires extra financial support to develop the infrastructure necessary to the technology. Woodchips and the byproducts of lawn and tree maintenance are some of the more popular cellulosic materials for ethanol production. By contrast, corn ethanol most frequently uses natural gas to provide energy for the process, and may not reduce GHG emissions at all depending on how the starch-based feedstock is produced, says Wikipedia.

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel. Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel that is 100% (unblended) is referred to as B100, while 20% biodiesel is labeled B20. B100 generally cost more than petrodiesel except where local governments provide a tax incentive or subsidy.

In 2007, Imperium Renewables of Seattle built a biodiesel plant at the Port of Grays Harbor that hoped to produce as much as 100 million gallons of biodiesel fuel made from plants and vegetable material annually. The market dried up. It is the largest production facility in the United States and the second largest facility overall.

The SeQuential Web site (www.sqbiofuels.com) lists biodiesel sites and about 60 Oregon businesses and agencies with biodiesel-powered fleets --wineries, landscapers, contractors, the Eugene public works department, Cross Creek Trucking, Metro, Powells .com, Hoodoo ski resort, and groundskeeping vehicles at Reed College.

The community aspect of biodiesel attracts many people, and those folks should contact biodiesel cooperatives such as Portland's GoBiodiesel Cooperative, Green Drop Garage, Flower Power Biodiesel Co-op in Salem or Grease Works! in Corvallis. GoBiodiesel Cooperative makes about 200 gallons a month and is in full fundraising mode to build a new plant that will at least quadruple output. Members pay about $2.25 per gallon, plus a one-time $100 membership fee.

What Can I Do to support sustainability?

We can simply waste less. Poor insulation, inefficient appliances and wasteful habits send lots of energy up the chimney. The desire to buy stuff that doesn't really make us happy, doesn't help. Common sense and passion can go a long way.

There are many positive trends. Solar power is becoming more efficient and localized, buildings are getting greener and more self-sufficient, vehicles are getting electrified and using less fossil fuel, and people are more aware of their impact.

There are as many ways to become engaged as there are people.

More Information

Energy Trust of Oregon provides cash incentives for customers of PGE, Pacific Power, NW Natural and Cascade Natural Gas. The Oregon Department of Energy has more information on sustainable energy programs.

Editor Notes

Hi Samc. I didn't put it together that you're the same "Sam" as the primary editor of PortlandWiki's excellent and highly informative Green industry page until Kotra clued me in on that fact at the conclusion of yesterday's Barnraising event. Hope you can attend one or more upcoming Monday Meets or Portland WikiWednesday meetups.
Until then, just a quick note on the "references" section added below. Often times, readers of wiki article might find it easier to navigate to outside links that an article refers to by clicking on a footnote reference link (eg:[210]). I've reformatted the first several external links from Green industry to external sources to show how this could work in this article. When you have the chance, please tell me what you think. Thanks! -WikiMaster (talk) 10:55, 6 March 2011 (PST)
Hi WikiMaster. Thanks for the example. I was wondering how to do it! - Sam

External Links

References

  1. Portland City Council Supports Oregon Sustainability Center
  2. Oregon Sustainability Center
  3. ODOE: Renewable Energy.
  4. Oregon's Renewable Resource Programs
  5. Energy Trust of Oregon
  6. Wind power in the United States
  7. Solar Power Is Cheaper Than Nuclear for the First Time
  8. The U.S. spends about $1 billion a day importing oil, which is now over $100 a barrel
  9. according to Energy Secretary Steven Chu
  10. The Dalles Dam
  11. The Grand Coulee Dam
  12. The Pacific DC Intertie
  13. Bonneville's grid
  14. the huge Shepherds Flat wind farm raises big questions about state, federal subsidies
  15. Shepherds Flat wind farm
  16. BPA docs
  17. The U.S. DOE announced a $1.3 billion loan guarantee
  18. advocates of wind power
  19. SoloPower
  20. a $197 million loan guarantee by the DOE
  21. has raised nearly $13.5 million in capital and landed a $52 million venture round
  22. it will invest up to $340 million and bring as many as 500 jobs
  23. Grid parity
  24. low-carbon economy
  25. Zero carbon emissions globally by 2050
  26. Nathan Myhrvold
  27. Intellectual Ventures
  28. a nuclear-power reactor can burn depleted uranium as fuel
  29. no current technology offers a silver bullet solution
  30. PGE
  31. hopes to shut down the state's only coal-fired power plant 20 years earlier
  32. carbon taxes
  33. The 585-megawatt coal fired plant
  34. Vestas
  35. About 4 percent of PGE's energy comes from wind farms
  36. Biglow Canyon Wind Farm
  37. Klondike II
  38. Vansycle Ridge
  39. Stateline Wind Farm
  40. along the Columbia River
  41. Biglow Canyon Wind Farm
  42. Vestas wind turbines
  43. The wind farm is located in Wasco County
  44. [http://djcoregon.com/news/2010/09/08/pge-completes-bigelow-wind-farm/ The $1 billion project was completed in September, 2010
  45. Vestas
  46. Here's a video tour
  47. at Biglow
  48. Sam Churchill's Flickr photo collection
  49. Shepherds Flat Wind Farm
  50. Caithness Energy
  51. Southern California Edison
  52. The U.S. Department of Energy finalized a $1.3 billion loan guarantee for the Shepherds Flat wind farm
  53. Eastern Oregon wind farms, especially the Summit Ridge wind farm in Wasco County, have now been thrown into doubt
  54. Iberdrola Renewables
  55. the second largest provider
  56. an installed capacity of 3,877 megwatts
  57. Klondike Wind Power
  58. Bonneville Power Administration
  59. Sales of small wind turbines
  60. American Wind Energy Association
  61. Xzeres
  62. Oregon Wind's small vertical Helyx
  63. As of November 2010
  64. Roscoe Wind Farm
  65. Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center
  66. Alta Wind Energy Center
  67. Gansu Wind Farm
  68. grew 67 percent to $6 billion in 2010
  69. Solar Energy Industries Association
  70. Crystalline silicon panels
  71. SolarWorld in Hillsboro, Oregon
  72. 90% of the industry today
  73. Monocrystalline silicon
  74. Crystalline silicon
  75. Cadmium Telluride
  76. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide
  77. Thin-film technology has proved challenging to commercialize
  78. Cadmium telluride
  79. CIGS
  80. Cadmium telluride panel
  81. Solexant
  82. SoloPower
  83. is said to be eyeing Wilsonville for a manufacturing plant
  84. represent a huge shift in energy economics
  85. SolarWorld
  86. its 210,000-square-foot addition
  87. SolarWorld will collaborate develop a 11.6-megawatt solar system
  88. SANYO Solar
  89. opened a monocrystalline growing facility in Salem, Ore
  90. Cadmium Telluride developer Solexant
  91. plans to build a $200 million solar manufacturing plant in Gresham
  92. Solexant's facility in Oregon
  93. CdTe
  94. the largest nanotechnology manufacturing facility in the world
  95. reports Oregon Live
  96. CIGs developer SoloPower
  97. building a manufacturing plant in Wilsonville
  98. could employ 500 people within five years
  99. tough but flexible solar panels
  100. expansion plans call for three more manufacturing lines
  101. Grape Solar
  102. it just imports low-cost solar panels from China and re-sells them here
  103. Advanced Energy Systems
  104. The nation’s first Solar Highway project
  105. PGE’s “Oregon Solar Highway”
  106. Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems
  107. The SuNRISE lab contains $1 million of state-of-the-art equipment to analyze solar cells
  108. Solar is cheaper than nuclear energy
  109. Duke University
  110. around 13.6 GW of PV will be installed this year
  111. Microinverters
  112. Enphase
  113. online monitoring of your installation
  114. a 4.81 kW solar array in Portland
  115. PV Powered
  116. 260kW, 97% efficient
  117. Teanaway Solar Reserve
  118. a 75-megawatt plant made up of 400,000 photovoltaic panels
  119. 4 miles North of Cle Elum, Washington
  120. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
  121. According to three industry experts
  122. But Oregon didn’t make the list
  123. The largest solar power installation in the world
  124. 48-MW Copper Mountain Solar Facility in Nevada
  125. Copper Mountain Solar Facility
  126. NRG Energy
  127. Agua Caliente solar project
  128. approved a thousand-megawatt, $6 billion solar project in California
  129. will have to cost $1 per watt says the DOE
  130. will get to $2 per watt within the next five years
  131. The Department of Energy announced a $27 million research program to slash the cost of solar power by 75 percent in 10 years
  132. In Germany, the industry boomed after the Renewable Energy Act in 2000
  133. Wave Power
  134. Wave energy
  135. committed $200 million in federal funds toward wave energy technology
  136. The nation's first commercial wave-energy farm
  137. Ocean Power Technologies
  138. to have a capacity of 1.5 megawatts
  139. Surfpower
  140. an interest in exploring their options in Oregon
  141. Oregon Wave Energy Trust
  142. Ocean Power Technologies
  143. close to getting a license to build a wave energy plant off the coast of Oregon
  144. a 150 kW wave energy station
  145. A 10-Megawatt OPT power station
  146. Ocean Power Technologies has contracted with Oregon Iron Works
  147. Grays Harbor Ocean Energy
  148. is currently a hotly debated topic
  149. The trick is to tap the benefits of a new industry without spoiling ocean habitats, economic livelihoods and recreational playgrounds
  150. Off shore energy policy
  151. No state agency in the U.S has ever permitted a wave energy project
  152. Finavera
  153. Aquamarine
  154. Wave Energy A/S
  155. a possible Texas-based
  156. Neptune Wave Power
  157. Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center
  158. tidal energy
  159. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
  160. Oregon Wave Energy Trust
  161. Pacific Energy Ventures
  162. Oregon Wave Trust
  163. The U.S. has lurched from different transportation energy policies
  164. Oregon is coordinating many activities to facilitate successful, widespread deployment of plug-in vehicles
  165. Oregon's strategy for greenhouse gas reduction report
  166. There are 40 companies building either electric vehicles or component parts
  167. Drive Oregon
  168. Oregon-made electric vehicles
  169. Arcimoto
  170. Brammo
  171. Ryno Motors
  172. Green Lite Motors
  173. MotoCzysz
  174. Shorepower
  175. http://www.opconnect.com/welcome.aspx Optimization Technologies]
  176. grid energy storage
  177. Nissan Leaf
  178. all electric car
  179. Chevrolet Volt
  180. Ford's Focus Electric
  181. Plug-in hybrids
  182. Chevrolet's Volt
  183. Toyota Prius
  184. The plug-in hybrid Prius
  185. Nissan Leaf
  186. Lithium Ion batteries
  187. The Navistar eStar
  188. [http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/OIPP/inn_ev-charging.shtml/ Oregon's Electric Vehicle Charging Network
  189. ECOtality's Fast chargers
  190. Washington State's Electric Highway project
  191. EV4Oregon.com
  192. offers Level 1 (30 minute charging) without the expense of a 440 volt line drop
  193. Coulomb Technologies
  194. ChargePoint Networked Charging Stations
  195. Thirteen Level II charging stations are now installed in downtown Hillsboro
  196. Shorepower Technologies
  197. Electrified Parking Spaces
  198. NEC's Takasago Rapid Charging Station
  199. CHAdeMO
  200. 50kW and 20kW capacities
  201. A 20 minute quick charger
  202. a 45-kilowatt photovoltaic carport
  203. ReVolt
  204. developing Zinc-Air batteries
  205. Lithium-air
  206. A Denmark battery company
  207. Lithium Balance
  208. Oregon Electric Vehicle Association
  209. WestCoastGreenHighway
  210. This is a footnote link to a reference link.